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Originally Posted by Christian
There are some slight problems with the Big Bang theory, which states that all matter in the universe exploded from a small point about twenty billion years ago.
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According to current models based upon WMAP CMB measurements the universe is about 13.5 billion years old. This is actually younger than some of the oldest ages determined for globular clusters, but those cluster ages might simply be wrong.
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For example, there is the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that unless energy is introduced into a particular state, the energy of that state will always be less than the initial state. This is known as entropy.
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Entropy is a measure of the degree of randomness within a system. By definition, the greater the randomness or disorder, the greater the entropy.
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Thus, in order to explode, any original matter (wherever it came from) would have had to create energy in some way. To form planets, suns and entire galaxies, which is entropy running backwards, it would in effect need to create vast amounts of energy from nowhere, as well as vast amounts of matter (which is also impossible).
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E=Mc^2. Matter can be converted into energy. This happens in stars via nuclear fusion. In the Sun the proton-proton chain produces most of the energy. The first step of this process is for two hydrogens to form a deuterium (a hydrogen with a neutron). In the process two positrons (positive electrons) are produced which collide with normal electrons and anhilate themselves producing Gamma Rays. About 30 million years later after working their way out through absorption and re-emission these gamma rays are now mostly in the form of visible light rays which we receive from the Sun.
Now some have claimed that the evolutionary process violates the 2nd law. It does not. The second law of thermodynamics says this:
In any spontaneous process, there is an increase in the entropy of the universe.
Here is the subtle point that must be understood. A non-spontaneous process can be forced to occur by an input of outside energy. On Earth that energy is the Sunlight we receive from the Sun. If the Sun shut down right now, non-spontaneous reactions (life) would quickly stop and the Earth would move toward greater entropy.
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Where did that original cosmic egg come from? Where did its energy come from? Why did it suddenly explode? Where did it get sufficient matter for hundreds of thousands of galaxies from?
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Good questions. There are plenty of sources available to hear what astronomers say about them. Do you agree with the answers given in those sources?
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Also note: if the universe originated from a big bang, matter should be evenly spread out. It isn't. We note large densities of matter in some places, and virtually empty spaces between galaxies in others.
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Certainly one of the biggest challenges facing the Big Bang is to explain how large superclusters can form so rapidly in a universe that is expanding. Dark matter is the traditional explanation.