Where does mass come from?

The supposed Big Bang has happened so 14 Billion years ago, the casual reader is told from the echelons of the academic establishment!
All the energy of the universe and everything, which now constitutes the cosmos and including space and time originated in this Big Bang, the pundits state and since spacetime itself was created then, a point of nothingness or a mathematical singularity began to expand outwards and filled the cocreated spacetime with matter and antimatter and the parameters of the physical sciences.

The dynamics for this cosmological expansion is found in the laws of thermodynamics, of kinetic energy and momentum conservation and the 'arrow of entropy'.
Basically, the Big Bang Cosmology describes a Planck Radiator as a 'Perfect Black Body' which in expanding, also cools down and in this process of Temperature dispersion, also gains in disorder or entropy.
The energy of the singularity so was extremely 'hot' and would be infinite for a true physical point-singularity in 0 dimensions; but would be very large, yet finite in a 'smearing out' or fuzziness or 'uncertainty fluctuation' about this 'Point-Space'.

Mathematical models, such as Quantum-Loop-Gravity, String-Theory or Quantum-Foam-Metrics then become ever more elaborate in complexities and technical detail to describe this Planckian Black Body in the metricated physicality of the reality of the material universe.
This universe is then observed and measured as such in quantities such as displacement or length, temporal time, mass and the postulated charges associated with mass to allow laws of attraction and repulsion to interact between constituents, such as atome, molecules, bodies, stars and galaxies.

When the phyicist, mathematician or researcher uses the formulations of the parameters, describing the basic physical quantities; certain paradoxes seem to emerge.

A major paradox relates the parameter of the 'lightest particle' which is conclusively measured by scientists - namely the electron.

Experiments clearly indicate, that the electron is a 'point-particle' of no or very limited apparent spacial extent (currently postulated to be of a radius smaller than about 10^-19 metres say). Yet the very successful theory of Quantum-Electro-Dynamics or QED, clearly indicates, that the 'preferred' scale of the electron's manifestation is a so called Classical Electron Radius (CER=Re). The entire dynamics of electron-photon interaction for example falls beautifully into place, if this CER permeates the physics from the subatomic realm of the Electron's Compton-Radius to the atomic realm of the Hydrogen Atom in the First Bohr Radius to the Ryberg Spectra, which then extend the basic hydrogenic proton to the higher elements.
I shall give those interrelated formulations later, but they all have a common factor in the Alpha-Finestructure Constant, which determines the interaction probability between mass and light (or electromagnetic radiotion in the form of photons).

So without further ado; the reason for this dilemma in regards to the 'size of the electron' is the gravity of the electron as a function of its mass and primordially the emergence of the electronmass from its stringed 'premass'.

We have encountered the PREMASS in the previous 'parent' essay on the Big Bang revisitation.
We have said there, that the notion of GRAVITATION manifests as the curvature of spacetime a la General Relativity as a third modulation; the second modulation being the introduction of MASS to cause this GRAVITATION, necessary in the first modulation of a LIMIT for the invariance of the lightpath as the unitary assumption for the entire cosmology.

The fourth modulation is however the cause of the CURVATURE from first principles, that is the topology for the universe without any mass. This becomes the Quantum Geometry of QR, which somehow relates to the Classical Geometry of GR by necessity.

And the details of this solve the 'Gravitational Electron' problem and with it the rest of the apparent cosmological paradoxes, known under labels such as the horizon-, the monopole-, the lambda-, and the 'you-name-it'-problem.

So the story in words is this.

The 'Point-Space' of the Null Dimension becomes 'fuzzy' or 'smeared out' in a Principle of Uncertainty (HUP after Werner Heisenberg).
How does this happen?
The HUP makes the abstract mathematics physical.
The universe is DEFINED in something including the 'Natural Laws', which is METAPHYSICAL and inclusive of whatever any or all mathematical formalisms can invent or discover or rediscover. A distinction between the latter is unnecessary, as the idea of chronological time of past, present and future emerges as a physical property and so is not causative of some other notion of time, which only requires a mathematical principality of ORDER.
A friend of mine, Carlos Pedro Gonsalves has written on this as a notion of before and after in regards to the selfsame quantum gravity, which I am expositing now.

So then the fuzzy singularity becomes physical and requires some rather peculiar properties to manifest the thermodynamic Big Bang in the Planck Black Body Radiator model.

If the universe has some required critical mass today to close it in a flat curvature; and as it is observed by the experiments; then all this mass must be in the 'fuzzy' singularity, which must be very very small by necessity of its own fuzziness and the HUP.

The universe so uses Nature's 'Big Trick'. This 'Big Trick' is called Modular Duality and this is not a new thing under the sun.
The basic mathematical principle can be seen in the physics of simple optics, in say the focalisation of images in convex and concave lenses and mirrors. Some images are real, others are virtual, some images are upright and others are inverted, such as in the retina in the eye. Those optics also apply to a 'Cosmological Principle of Holography' and this in modern terminology by renown physicists such as Leonard Susskind for example.

So the primal physical application of Modular Duality becomes that of relating the Mirror-Dimension of the 11D Hubble-Node to the 'fuzzy' Planck-Singularity.
The latter defines the smallest 'physicality' in a so called Planck-Length, a Planck-Time, a Planck-Temperature and a Planck-Energy and so on.

In particular we find here the PRECURSOR for our Planck Black Body Radiator in the so called Zero-Point-Enery of a minimum Quantum Energy Eigenstate EPlanck=hf/2 and where h is Planck's Constant and f stands for a physical parameter called frequency. Let us call this minimum ZPE-Energy Eigenstate, the Planck-Oscillator.

So our 'fuzzy' singularity becomes physical in a say, transformed Planck-Oscillator, then specifying entire spectra of energy eigenstates, such as in the formulasations in quantum mechanics and its 'wavefunctions'.

The Modular Duality as 'Nature's Mastertrick' now does the following.
The singularity - now finitised - becomes MODULAR DUALISTIC to its MIRROR singularity.
What is this mirrored singularity?

It is the LIMIT of our Hubble-Event-Horizon as the Hubble-Node, where we 'modularily dualise' a maximum mass with a minimum mass.

This minimum mass IS NOT the Planck-Mass, as the Planck-Mass is so 1.6x10^-8 kilograms and which is rather larger, than the mass of a subatomic particle say.

So one of the conundrums in modern physics is, how the Planck-Oscillator can represent the minimum eigenstate in mass.
It can do so in displacement, specifying the Planck-Length as so 2x10^-35 meters and as say the 'fuzzy realised' radius redefining the singularity of the 'Point-Space'.

The minimum mass is the mass of the electron at so 9x10^-31 kilograms however as the smallest known inertial mass known to physics.

{The neutrino masses are constituent of the electron mass in the tau generation in QR and so cannot be used as this minimum; and especially as QR predicts the electron- and muon neutrino generations to be massless as base neutrino classes}.

So the situation for the Planck-Oscillator becomes an expanding thermodynamic universe with a duality mapping between the mass total of the universe and the mass of a singular electron mapped onto the Hubble-Event-Horizon.


Using Special Relativity and the actual definitions for the electron's parameters, the details are derived in due course; but with the result described in a physics of Black Hole Cosmology.

The electron as a GRAVITATIONAL and NONINERTIAL RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON is the parent electron for the INERTIAL RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON of QED and the massparameters of the manifested Planck-Oscillator as the Planck-Black Body Radiator.

This gravitational electron has noninertial mass, meaning, that it is defined in a curvature scenario for the universe before the mass via m=E/c^2 manifested in even a single electron.

The Hubble-Radius defines a MOTHER-BLACK HOLE, which is 'collapsed' at the Planck-Oscillator singularity and which as such an extremal Black Hole forms a boundary or initial condition and does not Hawking radiate. It so serves as an invariant for the proceeding thermodynamic cosmic evolution.

Now because this Mother-BH is by definition a spherical boundary; set by a string-epoch in chronological time, which 'inflated' the Planck-Oscillator's Planck-Scale to the Hubble-Scale; it by the principle of modular duality must also define a particular Planck-Oscillator scale.

And that scale is the physics of the Gravitational Electron as a Planckian-String-BH with Schwarzschild Radius Ro say.

This then is the reason as to why the Planck-Oscillator can carry the entire mass of the universe required for its sperical closure at the 'smeared out' singularity.

Mathematically, the 'Point-Space' becomes physically 'real' as the Planck-String. The latter transforms into less energetic Planck-Strings with the effect of an increasing 'Planck-Length' and a decreasing Planck-Mass, because this displacement scale is defined in say the Compton Radius or de Broglie Radius of matter waves in QED and where mass m is inversely proportional to the wavelength (L) via m=h/Lc.

The 'Point-Space' is however completely defined and physicalised in terms of the lightpath x=ct, which became 'inflated' in a de Broglie phase transition defining the string epoch to be the mirrored 'Point-Space' as the Hubble-Event-Horizon.

So you the reader and the entire universe resides within a Mother-BH.

The crucial matter in this scenario is however the 'Size of the Electron'. How big is the gravitational electron?
It is the modular dual of the Mother-BH, which is closed with the mass total of the universe defining its parameters in the Schwarzschild metric.
The gravitational electron also has a Schwarzschild Radius and one which is vastly smaller than the Planck-Length in so 2.3x10^-57 meters. So all the physical models, which use the Planck-Length as a minimum for the physical spacetime metrics become inapplicable.

But here Mother Nature uses its modular trickery once again.

The gravitational electron becomes itself 'fuzzy' and 'smeared out' as the entire surface area of the Mother-BH and so never manifests as a physical inertial 'particle'. The gravitational electron itself becomes MASSLESS as an extremal Black Hole, also known as a 'Strominger Brane' in 11-dimensional brane theory.

But this of course, allows the modular duality to state the next 'strange' but absolutely necessary condition.

The Mother-BH is also MASSLESS as a Strominger-Brane and subject to evolution in any number of DAUGHTER-BHs, which are not boundary- or initial conditions and so subject to transformation in energy exchanges as in Hawking radiation.

And this is what we require; as we have said, that the mass total of the universe is situated at the singularity and yet is massless simultaneously.
The Black Hole Cosmology then crystallises the experimentally observed parameters in terms of cosmological redshift and the Einstein-Friedmann-Walker-de Maitre Cosmologies and the like; albeit inclusive of a demetrication for the scalefactors to allow the mass-independent definition for the overall cosmic topology to establish itself.

In particular the BH-Evolution becomes a function for the dimensionless cycletime or Now-Time for the lightpath intersection described in the parent paper on the Big Bang thought experiment.

The physics, will describe the harmonic, meaning equilibriumised emergence of more complex cosmic structures in the Planck Black Body Radiator filling the prespace created by the de Broglie wavematter inflation.

A first manifestation of the Mother-BH will occur 236.5 Million years into the cosmology; where at a redshift of z=7.477, a 'quasar-wall' is established.
This will instigate a significant phase transition in the first 'seeding' of the cosmos in homogenuity and isotropy; meaning things look and are the same in all directions, without 'irregularities' such as a star or a galaxy.

The Superclusters of galaxies will then specify the large scale geometry for the universe in the Sarkar-BH, which has precisely the mass required to seed the entire universe baryonically; meaning in terms of the protons and neutrons, which constitute the observed mass in the cosmologies.

A paradox in cosmology, namely how the observed superclusters could form so early in a young universe under their mutual gravity, so becomes elucidated as the coupling of the Sarkar-BH to sub-supercluster galactic evolution.

It will be shown, how a basic neutron mass then coupled to an EFFECTIVE and then inertial electronmass as a function of the Planck-Mass itself.
We will find a googol count of spacetime quanta, which are of course the Planck-Oscillators as the ZPE of the Standard Models.

Then the Sarkar-Mass will become defined in the subatomic parameters, showing how the quantum physics relates to the classical physics.

But this Sarkar-BH differs from the Mother-BH in that the Sarkar-BH is physically observable in the MANIFESTED mass (albeit with missing energy) of actual galactic superclusters.

The Mother-BH has no mass and also has the total mass required for its positive curvature and so cannot be observed from within. And as ANY observer is located cosmically at the singularity of the Mother-BH; any physical observer is in its cosmic womb, as yet 'unborn' (into the 12th dimension say).

We shall also derive the electron's inertial mass and revisit other cosmological scenarios as required.

To 'prove' all this mathematically, using the well-established and textbook available parameters; will be the next exercise.

Tony B.