Could a form or forms of matter, which need to consist of particles of a significant mass, entirely evade direct detection despite over 20 years of experimental searches, and yet comprise some 90% of all the material in the Cosmos? Similar experiments have detected many of the much less massive neutrinos, but nothing has thus been found of WIMP dark matter particles.

Yet all the indirect astronomical evidence of galaxies and galaxy clusters appears very much to point to vast amounts of entirely transparent matter that, it is presumed, is required to explain the rotation curves of spiral galaxies, the persistence of galaxy clusters and the degree of the lensing effects produced around foreground galaxies that bend the light from much more distant background galaxies.

The existence of dark matter is also needed for the present cosmological theory of the evolution of the cosmos from a Big Bang origin and especially for the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

Alternative theories to dark matter have been proposed, the most detailed of which is called Modified Newtonian Dynamics or MOND. This account provides evidence to support the theory that, beyond a certain point Newton's laws of gravity do not apply. So that galaxy rotation curves can be explained if the strength of gravity no longer reduces according to the inverse square of distance but just the distance. And it could be shown that this law applies in 8 out of 10 galaxies.

Also, it could be calculated that the point where gravity thus begins to vary is not governed by distance or the density of the visible matter, as could be expected given a dark matter explanation, but just by a certain rate of orbital acceleration.

Thus MOND explains galaxy rotation curves more accurately than dark matter theory.

However, problems arise when applying MOND to galaxy collisions. Although a more complex MOND theory has been recently developed to account for this galactic behaviour.

Even so, many phyicist don't like MOND because it doesn't make sense in relation to basic physical principles to do with space and time and relativity theory.

But in his book The Trouble with Physics, Lee Smolin points out that there is a cosmological factor that lends support to MOND. So it is found that the crucial galactic orbital acceleration rate beyond which Newton's laws would break down matches almost exactly the measured acceleration in the expansion of the universe as a whole. Although MOND provides no theoretical explanation as to why this should be so. Nor does dark matter theory provide an explanation for what would be a relationship between dark matter and dark energy.

My own suggestion is that a whole and radically new cosmological theory needs to be developed that relates the astronomical evidence to quantum mechanics.

So it could be proposed that the mystery of galaxy rotation, galactic clusters and lensing, as well as the evolution of the large scale structure of the universe, is the same as the mystery of quantum wave behaviour and the persistence of matter as atoms and molecules despite the forces.

Hence this theory could assume that the push or pull causes that are the known forces cannot be described to explain how the universe is in its particular observed form either on the small or astronomical scale. But rather, evidence needs to be examined together so as to justify and describe rnough details of a cause that acts non-locally in addition to all the forces. This would be a cause that would neither push nor pull objects but would act on the small scale so as to maintain and universalise the particular form of atoms or molecules of a given element or compound despite the action of the forces. Such a cause would thus produce the effect of quantum entanglement as well as the quantum wave and spin behaviour.

On the astromical scale such a cause would also act so as to maintain the spiral form of galaxies. The strength of the effect f this cause would be quite weak and so could only be measured where the action of gravity is weak. Although the nonlocal effect could be measured from small objects relatively close a star and so explain the anomolous acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft. The action of this cause would be necessary for the formation both of galaxies and planetary systems and hence its effect upon Pioneers 10 and 11 as they exit the solar system.

Since the nonlocal causation would produce the wave behaviour of light and other radiant energy it could, like gravity, have a lrge scale effect on the paths of radiation beams artound galaxies and thus produce the lensing effect by acing in addition to gravity.

It could also be proposed that, overall, the Big Bang was spiral in form and so spiral galaxies would be universalised reflections of the Big Bang itself. And this would explain the relationship between the acceleration rate in spiral galaxy rotation and the universal expansion.

On the small scale a Big Bang nonlocal causation could explain the relationship of wave length to the energy of radiation. So that short wave lengths have higher energy because the Big Bang had a higher energy density when it was smaller. Also, it can be thought that what would be a universalised three dimensional spiral of causation on the small scale would explain the quantum wave and its various polarisations.