The Uniform Expansion of Space-time

www.uniformexpansion.com (Web link added a month or so after original posting, nothing else changed.)

Traditional models stop the expansion of space at the boundary of galaxies. If galaxies were drops of water on a large expanding membrane, the drops would increase their distance measures between each other, yet would remain the same size. The proposed model allows galaxies and even matter to expand with the expansion of space.

This first posting is on Traditional arguments against a Uniform Expansion of space-time with a brief rebuttal.

A. Arguments against a uniform expansion of space-time

After Sir Edwin Powell Hubbell published the correlation between the increased wavelength observed from the spectra of galaxies with their distance in 1929, it was logical to consider were this expansion stopped. Should galaxies themselves expand? William de Sitter in 1931 addressed this issue with his paper “Do the galaxies expand with the universe?” The conclusion of de Sitter’s paper was that galaxies do not expand and that the gravitational forces within the galaxy is responsible for preventing galaxies from being expanded. This conclusion was the result of what appears to be severe problems if the expansion were allowed to continue beyond the boundary of galaxies. The major problems are listed below, along with a brief rebuttal.


1. If galaxies expand, where should the expansion stop? If galaxies expand, then should solar systems expand? Since even matter itself is mostly space, should matter expand? If the expansion of space includes matter, then everything remains proportionally the same and thus nothing changes. Double the size of two objects and double the distance and double the size of all the rulers then proportionally everything remains the same.

Brief rebuttal to argument number 1.
The answer to the “sameness” problem is that while proportionally things have remained the same size, the effect of gravity has been reduced. If two objects are now twice as far apart, then the effect of gravity between the objects should be reduced by a quarter. If the size of a planet doubles, then the surface gravity is reduced by a quarter. This theory predicts that the effect of gravity should vary with the passage of Cosmic Time. (Cosmic time begins at the moment of creation and demarcates a point’s historical location). Just to temper the initial disbelief about the effect of gravity varying with cosmic time; this belief was shared by Nobel Prize winner Paul A. Dirac but he was not successful in producing viable relationships.

2. If the expansion of space includes celestial objects, then the necessary balance between centrifugal and gravitational forces are no longer maintained. If the earth were slowly moved away from the sun to where it is twice as far away, the centrifugal force would be reduced by a half, but the gravitational force would be reduced by a quarter. Without the necessary gravitational force, planets would no longer be bound to the sun, so solar systems like ours would fly apart. Since solar systems have been stable for billions of years, expansion must be impossible.

Brief rebuttal to argument number 2
The answer to this problem is that while space expands, it draws away energy. As will be shown, the velocity of orbiting systems is reduced with the expansion at exactly the correct rate to maintain the necessary balance between centrifugal and gravitational forces. The loss of energy from all systems is one of the sobering aspects of this theory. This loss of energy is correlated to what is currently called “dark energy”.

3. If the expansion of space were to include matter, then the stability of the atom becomes jeopardized. Electrons that are expanded away from their nucleus would no longer be held to the nucleus and the atom would fly apart. The Atom is such a defined structure that expanding it would seem to be impossible.

Brief rebuttal to argument number 3
The answer to this problem is the same as it was for maintaining celestial stability. Just as the orbiting celestial objects loose velocity with the expansion of space, so too do the electrons. The loss of energy will be shown to be exactly what is necessary to maintain stability while the atom expands.

The loss of stability for celestial orbiting systems and of the atom itself is therefore a resolvable issue. The necessary stability is not only maintained, the uniform expansion of space imposes the structure observed in celestial structures and atoms in the first place.

Next posting, Advantages of a uniform expansion of spacetime.

Snowflake