Espritch, in answer to your last post (for which I thank you):

Re: Expanding space-time

The fundamental postulates of relativity theory are that the velocity of light is constant and that that the velocity of light is independent of relative motion of a source or observer. Denying either of those postulates denies relativity theory and the expanding universe it predicts. The velocity of light is approximately 186,000 miles per second or 3 times 10 to the tenth power centimeters per seconds (3x10E10 cm/sec). Let us consider the implications of an expanding space-time universe and the constant velocity of light.

In a space-time manifold, space and time are not independent of each other if the velocity of light is Espritch, in answer to your last post (for which I thank you):
constant. Suppose that in a given time interval the universe has expanded to double its starting size. Then 186,000 old miles will have doubled to become 186,000 new miles. In order to keep the velocity of light constant the duration of one old second will also have doubled to become the duration of one new second. That is the only way that the velocity of light could remain constant at 186,000 miles per second.

Let us apply these consequences to galaxies moving away from each other because of space-time expansion. Let a galaxy emit light to Earth at the beginning of a time interval and let that light be observed at the end of that time interval. Now assume that you and I travel with the light and that with the aid of a meter-stick and a timer we measure, piecemeal, how long it takes the light to reach Earth. During the first second after the light was emitted we measure the velocity and find it to be 3x10E10 cm/sec. When the light has reached the midpoint of its journey our new measurement is still 3x10E10 cm/sec. The same is true for the last second of the journey. What has happened is that as space-time expanded our meter-stick has gotten longer and our timer has run proportionally slower. Think of our timer as a pendulum clock whose pendulum arm is also a meter-stick. As the meter-stick gets longer, the clock runs slower. No matter when, each 3x10E10 centimeters the light traveled required only one second.

We have made our measurements. If we now total all the meters traveled and all elapsed seconds in that expanding universe we get the same total meters traveled and seconds elapsed as for a universe without space-time expansion. It seems, then, that light does not travel a longer distance or require more time to get from there to here in an expanding space-time universe than it does in a universe without space-time expansion. In either universe light requires one year to travel a distance of one light-year. Thus, my present arrival of light line should indeed be straight. Also, recession rates would remain constant since although distances have increased, time would have slowed proportionally.

Early in the twentieth century Edwin Hubble proved that galaxies were not nebulous things within our local galaxy, that some were extremely distant, and that our galaxy was not alone in the universe. At that time galaxies (the largest then known structures) were considered to be the ultimate largest structures or “building blocks of the universe.” Cosmological models and theories were built on those ideas and solutions to the field equations of Einstein’s relativity theory. Since then we have discovered two larger structures in our hierarchical universe: galaxy clusters and superclusters. One can only wonder why galaxies have somehow been singled out from all other structures – why only they recede from each other and display recession velocities. Why not superclusters, clusters, the stars in a galaxy, or the electrons in an atom? There does not seem to be any theory that explains the singling out of galaxies.

Some have suggested that the galaxies have not really moved away from us. They claim that the red shift is the result of space-time expanding as light travels through it, so stretching the wavelength of the light to produce the red shift. The wavelength of light is the distance traveled during one cycle of its alternating electromagnetic field. Again, if the velocity of light is constant it follows that if the distance traveled during one cycle increases because of space-time expansion, then the time available for one cycle is stretched out proportionally, and the wavelength is the same as for a space-time that is not expanding.

From the above it seems that we can draw the following conclusions if the velocity of light is constant:

1. We can have no way to know if there is such a thing as space-time expansion.
2. Expanding space-time could not cause recession velocities of galaxies nor could it cause a change in those velocities..
3. The universe is not an isotropically expanding system.

If this is not sufficiently AGAINST THE MAINSTREAM for you, see excerpts of THE UNIVERSE ON TRIAL at

http://www.theuniverse.andmuchmore.com


In 1908 American astronomer W.S. Adams found that the rotation of the Sun could be determined spectrographically. He measured the red shifts and blue shifts of light from the receding and approaching limbs of the Sun. Applying the optical Doppler effect formula, he obtained the receding and approaching velocities of the Sun’s surface at the limbs. The surface rotation rate implied by those velocities was in close agreement with observations of the motion of sunspots since the time of Galileo. We do not need a relativistic universe to explain either those wavelength shifts or the optical Doppler effect. For those things, a Newtonian system is sufficient.

The only function of the relativistic corrections for the Doppler effect is to take into account wavelength shifts when the source velocity is a significant fraction of the velocity of light. It seems strange that a phenomenon that is produced by one cause in a Newtonian universe should have been thought to be producible by a completely different cause in a relativistic universe.