Measuring time

Some of you are aware that I have proposed a hypothetical model that allows the expansion of space-time to be truly uniform. Matter itself is allowed to expand, as opposed to the “standard” model that stops the expansion of space-time at the boundary of galaxies. (www.uniformexpansion.com)

According to the proposed uniform expansion theory, there are two fundamental ways to describe reality. One is based upon “relative” measures; the other is in terms of “absolute” measures.

In an attempt to differentiate the two, image a balloon that is expanding. All distance measures on the balloon are increasing with the expansion but all the rulers on the balloon are also expanding, relative measures remain constant.

Now if we assume the “perspective of God” which is outside the expansion, it is possible to describe the expansion of the balloon. This is because our god like perspective is “absolute” and is not expanding. This absolute frame of reference allows the description of the expansion of space-time.

One property of such a uniform expansion is that all relative measures of distance remain the same since even the rulers are also expanded with the expansion of space-time. A real test of the proposed theory is to see if all “relative” clocks also maintain their relative measures of time.

The following problems will show that various methods of measuring time will all keep in relative measure to each other, despite the uniform expansion of space-time.

The following formulas describe how the expansion of space-time is structured. These formulas are based upon “absolute” measures, or as how a fixed reference frame “outside” of the expansion would describe the expansion. All relative measures must remain the same. The T term is Absolute time, which records a point’s or object’s location historically from the moment of creation or the beginning of time. The numeration 1 and 2 are sequential demarcations. D, V, A and E correspond to Distance, Velocity, Acceleration and Energy, as measured in the “absolute” perspective as associated with a point or object in an expanding space-time field.

The Ratios of Time

D2/D1 = (T2 /T1)^(2/3) Eq III-8
V2/ V1 = (T1/T2) ^(1/3) Eq III-9
A2/A1 = (T1/T2) ^(4/3) Eq III-10
E2/ E1 = (T1/T2) ^(2/3) Eq III-11

1. The light clock. One way to measure an interval of time is to use a light clock. While the relative length of the clock is maintained, in terms of absolute measures, the length of the light clock increases with the expansion of space-time. Also, according to the Ratio of time formulas, the speed of light is decreased with the passage of Cosmic time. If the age of the universe were to be 8 times greater, according to the predictions of the Ratio of Time formulas, a specific interval of time will then take 8 times longer. (T2/T1 = 8) The length of the light clock is increased by four times and the speed of light is reduced by a half. (Those who like a little problem in algebra can check this out in your head since the cube root of 8 is easy to figure out.)

In order for all relative measures of time to be preserved, all clocks must be similarly “slowed” by the passage of time.

2. A pendulum clock. Another way to measure an interval of time is the swing of a pendulum. According to the ratio of time formulas, when the age of the universe is increased by a factor of 8, the length of the pendulum should increase by a factor of 4 and the effect of gravity (Acceleration) should be reduced by a 1/16th. The period of a pendulum changes by the square root of the ratio of the length divided by the effect of gravity (as expressed by the gravitational constant). The net result is that a pendulum now takes 8 times longer for a “second” to occur.

This is interesting; two different physical process to measure intervals of time change in exactly the right proportion to maintain relative measures of time.

3. An orbiting system. The orbital period of our planet going around our sun describes a year; Would a year also be increased by a factor of 8 when the age of the universe is increased by a factor of 8? When the ratio of times formulas are applied to an orbiting system, the distance to be transversed, in absolute terms, increases by a factor of 4 and the absolute velocity of the planet is reduced by a factor of 2. It takes 8 times longer to orbit the sun.
4. A crystal oscillator clock. Similarly a crystal clock would also take 8 times longer to describe an interval of time.
5. A molecular reaction. Atoms and electrons follow the same inverse square rule found in orbiting objects. They too would take 8 times longer to pass.

All relative measures of distance and time remain the same. It is only from the “absolute” perspective that these changes can be described.

The fact that these changes can only be described by an “absolute” reference frame does not mean the changes can not be observed. The predicted changes are historically based, if it were possible to observe objects in the past, then evidence of the changes should be observable.

For example, an orbiting pair of objects that are light years away are observed years in the past. If the objects are far enough away, they would appear to be rotating around each other in a manner that would appear to be too fast for the amount of matter assumed to be there. There relative clocks run faster. To resolve the discrepancy one would erroneously assume that there must be more matter within the system than is unobserved to maintain celestial stability. Hence, the necessity for “Dark Matter”.

Snowflake.