1. United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council doesnt have 50 stars on a flag.

2. 28.6

3. Subaru... but i think there was a Mr. Subaru, so i dont know

4. Any DAY is not good for trying to see the milky way. Try it at night, its much easier on the eyes

5. Charon

6. Earth

7. 23hr 56min 0.04 sec

8. 1610 A.D.

{edit for clarity]