Fortunately, most of the math has already in place, and has been waiting for a model to explain it. This is true of the MOND, or dark matter effect, and also true of cosmic rays:

One of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics is the cause and nature of cosmic rays. They are more energetic than any current theory has been able to explain, and the cosmic ray energy curve over time has proven impossible to model with conventional physics. The most important, and difficult feature to explain is a sudden, sharp ‘knee bend’ to a higher energy.

It has always been suspected Cosmic Rays are associated with supernova explosions. This has been confirmed to a very high degree of probability for core collapse supernova, but no one has successful explained the mechanics of the knee and the intense power of the radiation.

A.D.Erlykin discusses the various explanations for the sudden increase in the intensity of cosmic rays, and the reasons none of the proposed models can explan the known phenomenology. (A phenomenological model is a mathematical model that does not have a theoretical bases to support it.)

Cosmic Rays are very simple: When supernova explodes, a vast amount of matter is quickly converted to radiation, accelerating the remaining matter at unbelievable velocities. As a significant portion of the mass is converted to energy, a cosmic gravitational wave is broadcast announcing this event. At the same time, the inertial field associated with this disintegrating matter is collapsing in proportion to the amount of matter converted into energy. The particles still accelerating outward in the intense nuclear fireball quickly reach the boundary conditions of the collapsing inertial wave. At this conjuncture, the collapsing inertial framework can no longer sustain the kinetic energy of the particles. As this impediance to the kinetic motion increases exponentially, the kinetic energy is immediately converted to a more powerful cosmic ray, as confirmed in the "double exponential" knee in the energy curve.

This means cosmic rays must also be associated with type Ia supernova. It means if we know a cosmic ray was triggered by a certain supernova event, once we know the approximate redshift of the cosmic ray, we also know the proportional size of the supernova. We will be able to use this information to confirm:

Supernovae Ia’s are occurring much more frequently at z-shifts of ~1. We do not detect them, because the attenuation of space is much greater than we think it is.

The “supernovae Ia" we do detect at these redshift distances are actually hypernovae, or supernova type b/c, which are much brighter and have longer light curves than supernovae Ia.

The time from the explosion of the supernova to the knee event confirms both the size and the existance of the inertial portion of the gravitational field.

The light curves of these distant hypernovae are in the same ballpark length as the handful of local hypernovae events we have observed, proofing a null validation of the Wilson hypothesis: The light curves we observe at high redshifts are not time dilated and the universe is not expanding.

The frequency of observation of cosmic rays also confirms this hypothesis: In order for the cosmic ray and therefore the supernova count to be as high as it is, the universe cannot be getting smaller in look-back time. As far as we can tell, it is infinite – just as infinite as it looks in the deep field surveys.

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jwj

It's a big universe out there...is it really unwinding, really burning out?