I suggest that linking to an abstract page, or an index page of some kind is maybe better than linking straight to the PDF. That way people can open the webpage, see the abstract, and decide if they want the PDF (especially the folks with slow or troublesome connections). Solar Models: current epoch and time dependences, neutrinos, and helioseismological properties, J. Bahcall, M.N. Pinsonneault & Sarbani Basu, Astrophysical Journal 555: 990-1012, July 10, 2001.

But there are more recent papers along the same lines, of some interest. Helioseismological Implications of Recent Solar Abundance Determinations, Bahcall, Pinsonneault, Basu & Serenelli, Astrophysical Journal (in press). This one addresses the recent determination that the lighter heavy elements are less abundant in the solar photosphere than previously thought (The solar chemical composition, Asplund, Grevesse & Sauval, in press). Bahcall, et al., have determined that these results imply in turn that the opacities may have been underestimated by about 10%. But an updated computation of the OPAL opacities show an increase no more than 2.5% (Up-dated opacities from the Opacity Project, N.R. Badnell, et al., submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; A comparison of Rosseland-mean opacities from OP and OPAL, Seaton & Badnell, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 354 (2): 457-465, October 21, 2004). So some kind of problem still remains here. However, note that it is on the order of a few percent, whereas the assumption that the sun is dominated by heavier elements brings about a discrepancy so great, it was recognized as significant 80 years ago.

The PDF that Duane linked to is hosted from John Bahcall's webpage, which is a good place to look for solar stuff. Just follow the links to popular or technical articles. Most of his work has focused on solar neutrinos, and he got into the solar modeling business by necessity, as the expected neutrino fluxes also depend somewhat on the adopted solar model. And while I'm at it, why not put in a plug for my own webpage: Solar Fusion & Neutrinos? it's not exactly solar modeling, but it's a pretty good review of the standard model of nuclear fusion in the sun, if I do say so myself.

As for solar evolution, indeed that is different from the snapshot in time that is the current standard solar model. Just think of it as "standard solar evolution". But the evolutionary model must reproduce the current observed sun. There is a lot of scientific literature out there on the subject. For instance, Updated Toulouse solar models including the diffusion-circulation coupling and the effect of µ-gradients, O. Richard, S. Théado & S. Vauclair, Solar Physics 220(2): 243-259, April 2004. The authors here show how the inclusion of rotation & convection induced mixing, added to the evolutionary model, can reproduce interesting details of the current sun, such as the fact that lithium is depleted over time, while beryllium is not.

I think the 1998 solar evolution model by Turcotte, et al. is the one most commonly referenced: Consistent Solar Evolution Model Including Diffusion and Radiative Acceleration Effects, S. Turcotte, et al., Astrophysical Journal 504(1): 539-558, September 28, 1998 (the ADS shows 42 citations, but the Caltech index shows 45). Of course, the details of solar evolution depend on tjhe same opacities that are at the root of the abundance - helioseismology controversy, and are equally subject to modification. Many of Sylvain Turcotte's papers, this one included, are also downloadable on the web.

One interesting future for solar modeling: the Djehuty project at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This is, so far as I know, the only operating, fully 3-dimensional, hydrodynamic solar/stellar modeling code. All of the PR (and this webpage) date from 2002, and I don't know what the current status is (it's a bear of a problem). But that kind of computational power, turned loose on the kind of detailed models developed by Bahcall and others, could solve the problems of modeling the current sun and it's evolution over time.

The Standard Solar Model is the current stage of about 100 years of serious, "modern" scientific research. It may not be perfect, but it is certainly head & shoulders above the competition.

Cheers.