I have revised the original draft of this post to simplify, correct and extend it.
This is a scenario for a stable, expanding universal system which evolves in the sense of creating new systems out of existing systems (which is growth - so the universe can be said to be a system for growth).

In this system, ’space’ is an energetic field. The force of the field not only acts to continuously to expand the field but also acts everywhere at all times within the expanding field. Within this field, by the energy of the field, matter is created. This occurs because the fundamental energetic capacity of the field is to expand at a constant rate of c. The constant expansion rate creates potential in the field since all regions of the field cannot expand at c. Only at its outer limit does the field expand at its full potential. Within the field the average expansion rate is c/2. Thus the field has the potential to create twice its volume.

This potential creates pressure within the field. Rotation occurs in response to the pressure. In order to absorb energy from every direction within the field, this rotation must be at least (and at least initially) on the equivalent of two axes. The two axes of rotation in this scenario correspond to an electric and a magnetic axis. Since what is rotating is energetic space, there is a continuum from the rotating space to expanding space, and it may be that ’empty space’ can be said to be an electromagnetic field.

In the vicinity of spinning regions, the field does not expand; its energy is absorbed in rotation. In a simple creation model with one spinning region, after one Planck time there will be a spherical field within which is a smaller sphere representing a rotating region. At some radius between the outer sphere and the inner sphere, space can be said to be not expanding, while outside the inner sphere space is expanding, and within the inner sphere space may be contracting. In the context of universal spatial expansion, neutrality or contraction of space is equivalent to a gravitational field near the inner sphere. This field may be felt to the limit of the outer sphere, although at its very limit the field expands at c.

Thus in this scenario, mass is rotating energetic space (represented perhaps by moment of inertia). Rotation is continuously maintained by the energy of the field. In the vicinity of the body of matter, space does not expand and may be perceived as contracting. The full potential of the field is used to maintain the body of matter and to expand at c.

As the field expands it retains its potential, since space does not expand in the region of the massive body but expands at c at the limit; so its potential is always to create twice the volume of space that is actually created. In terms of radius, the radius of a volume twice that actually created is ~1.2595 to 1. This ratio is universally constant. It may be said that this ratio implies a curved radius, or curvature of spacetime, in the ratio of 79% relatively uncurved and ~21% completely curved.

The assumption of this scenario, that space is an energetic spatial field, creates differences from current theory. If current theory assumes that energy is intrinsic to or contained within a particle, this scenario differs by assuming that a particle is a creation of the field, and that its energy is intrinsic to the field rather than to the particle. Similarly, if current theory assumes that mass is intrinsic to a particle, this scenario differs by assuming that mass is an effect of the rotation of the particle by the field’s energy.

This scenario takes the formula E=hf as a possible way to indicate that rotational energy creates the equivalent of mass.. If a particle’s energy is found in its frequency, then in this scenario the frequency is the frequency of rotation. The Planck constant, h, is the energy of a single rotation in one second - that is, ~6.626 x 10^-34 Joules per second. The speed with which rotation occurs determines the energy of the particle. In the way this formula is currently used, the particle is a photon, but in this scenario it may be any particle.

A spherical field of one ‘Planck volume’ - that is, with a radius of ~10^-35 meters - does not appear to have the energy to create a particle (an ‘inner sphere’ with a circumference of ~10^-36 meters) rotating at a frequency of one turn per Planck time i.e., a rotational speed of c. Such a particle would have a frequency of 10^43 Hz, an energy of ~10^9 Joules, and a mass of ~10^-7 Kg. If the energy of the particle represents half the potential of the field, the field has a potential of ~10^10 Joules. Rotation being an acceleration, to accelerate such a particle at c, i.e. ~10^8 m/sec^2, would require a force of 1 Newton, using the formula F=ma. Such an acceleration seems possible given the energy of the field. However, if one such particle is created each Planck time, then two such particles ~10^-35 meters apart would have a gravitational attraction of ~10^45 Newtons, which is not possible. If such a particle were created, the second particle could not be created since that event would deplete the field.

However, a ‘Planck volume’ would have the energy to create a proton or an electron over time. A force is required to maintain rotational motion since rotation requires acceleration. If a particle is measured by rotational frequency, the frequency of a proton is ~10^23 Hz and the frequency of an electron is ~10^20 Hz. Using the formula E=hf, the energy of a proton is then ~10^-11 Joules per second and the energy of an electron is ~10^-14 Joules per second. Their masses are ~10^-27 Kg and ~10^-31 Kg respectively.

Using these figures, in one Planck time (~10^-43 seconds) a proton will make ~10^-20 of one turn and an electron will make ~10^-23 of one turn - that is, a proton rotates at ~10^-20 c, and an electron at ~10^-23 c. Force being required to maintain the rotation, taking the rotational speed as an acceleration, the acceleration of a proton is then ~10^-12 m/sec^2, and the acceleration of an electron is ~10^-15 m/sec^2. Multiplying mass by acceleration, the force required to rotate a proton is ~ (10^-27 x 10^-12 =) 10^-39 Newtons, and the force required to rotate an electron is ~10^-46 Newtons.

Assuming that a proton, being a higher frequency particle, is created first, then using the formula for gravitational attraction F = G (m1 x m2) / r2, the force of gravitational attraction between a proton and an electron at the radius at which the electron is created, ~10^-12 metres assuming a constant expansion of c, is approximately the force required to rotate a proton - to within one order of magnitude. However the exact rotational speed, and hence the acceleration, of the proton is not known since the exact circumference of the proton is not known. Its speed is derived from the rotation of a particle around a sphere with a circumference of one Planck length, but this is unlikely. Also two rotational axes mean a single full rotation is the equivalent of two rotations; and the distance traveled by a point on the surface of the sphere per time unit, given two axes of rotation, is not 1 but the root of 2 (Pythagoras’ theorem). However the closeness of the two forces is an indicator that gravitational force is related to the force required to create and maintain a particle in this scenario. In other words, gravitational attraction is a response to the force of rotation.


There may be several different ways to model the action of particles. Two mirror image particles may annihilate or they may co-ordinate their spins. If they remain in close contact with each other, and their rotation speed is reduced while at the same time they share some field energy, it may be that an additional rotating field around their point of contact is created. It may be that two such particles will flip so that one axis of rotation contains twice the current of each of the particles’ similar axis alone, while the perpendicular axis rotates around the current loop. The compact loop would be an electric circuit, while the perpendicular rotating axis would be a magnetic circuit. Two particles with identical rotation may create an elongated ‘electric’ loop with a magnetic circuit similar to more compact loop. While the magnetic circuit of the compact loop would be largely occupied in maintaining the particle, the elongated loop would require less magnetic strength, so its magnetic circuit would be free to cover a larger region of space. It may be seen that the compact loop represents a proton and the elongated loop an electron. This does not explain the existence of anti-particles.

Whatever the model, we see that in this scenario there is a potential for a governing or stabilizing mechanism to achieve balance among the particles the field creates, and an evolutionary scenario which does not require a highly unstable set of initial conditions. The ‘governor’ is the potential of the local field to create spatial rotation, which slows down or speeds up according to the local field energy. The highest frequency possible in this scenario is ~10^43 Hz, but as shown above this is not likely.

If the dimensions in this scenario are derived from Planck length and Planck time, then the original volume might be termed as a ‘Planck volume’ (but not a Planck mass). This would be ~10^-105 cubic meters. So in one cubic meter of space there would be ~10^105 Planck volumes. After one second (~1.85 x 10^43 Planck times) the volume of space would be ~10^28 cubic meters, or ~10^132 Planck volumes, of which (if the initial ratio is correct) ~21 percent, or ~10^131 Planck volumes is in the ‘form’ of massive objects. If the volume of space required for the creation of a proton and an electron has a radius of ~10^-12 meters, then it has a volume of ~10^-36 cubic meters, or ~10^70 Planck volumes. This means that in one second the field has the potential to create ~10^60 electrons and protons.