Attiyah's Sun Theory

Attiyah Zahdeh
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Abstract

1- Science considers that the origin of the whole electromagnetic flux received at the Earth directly from the seen Sun's position in the sky is originally generated by intrasolar, nuclear fusion reactions. Is this consideration completely right?
I consider that "no" is the plausible answer. I see that the Sun as observed at the Earth involves an auroral corona of continuous, global, daytime, very bright auroras. This means that the light the Earth receives from the seen Sun's position in the sky is partly from an auroral origin, i.e., this part, irrespective of its ratio, is produced in the whole daytime ionosphere-magnetosphere system by the same mechanism that produces the classical polar auroras. So, can we prove that the Sun as observed at the Earth involves an auroral corona?
2- Science considers that the skylight is due to the scattering of the solar light by the constituents of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere.
Is this consideration completely right?
According to Attiyah’s Sun Theory, the answer is: "no". This theory considers that very considerable portion of the skylight (the light that is spread during the day in the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere) is originally produced in the whole daytime ionosphere-magnetosphere system by the same mechanism which generates the classical polar auroras.

Attiyah's Postulates

1) A main portion of the skylight comes from global daytime auroras.
2) Through its intimate coordination and cooperation with the rest of the magnetosphere, including Van Allen radiation belts, the ionosphere serves as a global-scale discharge tube.
3) The magnetosphere works as a parabolic converging mirror.
4) The Sun as seen at the Earth’s surface involves a well-developed auroral radiant point (auroral corona).

Introduction

1- The Spacecraft observations from outside the geomagnetosphere do not show any spectra emitted by neutral atoms, neutral molecules and molecular ions. Therefore, the Sun's composition is void of neutral atoms such as O1 and H1, neutral molecules such as N2, and molecular ions such as N2+. According to this fact, the spacecraft observations from outside the geomagnetosphere do not show the presence of O1 red 630.0nm spectrum, O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum, Doppler-shifted H emissions, N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) bands and N2+ 391.4nm spectrum in the direct solar light.
2- The Earth-based observations confirm that the direct solar light does include all of O1 red 630.0nm spectrum, O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum, Doppler-shifted H emissions, N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) bands and N2+ 391.4nm spectrum.
Accordingly, there is a mystery. This mystery is represented in the absence of all O1 red 630.0nm spectrum, O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum, Doppler-shifted H emissions, N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) bands and N2+ 391.4nm spectrum from the direct solar light from outside the geomagnetosphere meanwhile the Earth-based observers confirm their relatively concentrated presence in the direct solar light.
From where does the solar electromagnetic flux as observed at the Earth get the emissions of neutral atoms, neutral molecules and molecular ions?
How does the seen Sun's position in the sky receive these emissions from their origin?
Is there a source of such emissions in between the Earth and Sun so that the solar flux carries its light or combine with it while passing through in its way earthward?

Anyway, the above-mentioned Attiyah's Postulates are an attempt to answer all the previous questions. Concisely, the answers focus on that the dayside ionosphere houses global, permanent, very bright auroras, and the magnetosphere works as a parabolic converging mirror capable of forming at its focus a well-developed auroral radiant point and its companion corona both of which are optically involved in the seen Sun's position in the sky. Thus, let ask and answer.
{1} Do the Earth-based observations show that the direct solar light demonstrates the behavior of the auroral light? In other words, what is the mutual behavior between them?
Both of the auroral light and direct solar light show two properties:
A- Both the auroral light and all the light emissions received at Earth coming directly from the seen Sun's position in the sky show simultaneous variations with the geomagnetic activities and precipitation of the charged particles on the ionosphere.
B- The intensity variations of the auroral brightness and light received at Earth coming directly from the Sun are directly proportional to the level of the geomagnetic activities and strength of the precipitation of the charged particles on the ionosphere.
Accordingly, depending on this mutual behavior, we can conclude that the light received at the Earth coming directly from the seen Sun's position in the sky must involve an auroral light so as to be capable of demonstrating the auroral behavior.
Well, it is worthwhile mentioning two more mutual aspects.
(a) Both the auroral oval and dome of the skylight are normally almost restricted to the same altitude in the ionosphere above the Earth's surface.
(b) The upper limits of both the auroral oval and dome of the skylight appear field-aligned. In this respect, we must know that the field-alignment is a property of the aurora-produced light.

{2} Do the auroras generate all of O1 red 630.0nm spectrum, O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum, Doppler-shifted H emissions, N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) bands and N2+ 391.4nm specrum?
Yes, they do. All these five emissions are normally generated in the polar ionosphere during the auroral activities. No doubt, there are other tens of auroral spectra from neutral atoms, neutral molecules and molecular ions, all of which either invisible and visible could be observed at the Earth coming directly in a relatively concentrated intensity from the seen Sun's position. However, in the following discussion for the sake of simplicity, I confine my talk to O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum because the Earth-based spectroscopy and photometry show that the O1 red 630.0nm and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectra are usually the most abundant and conspicuous emissions in both the auroral light and direct solar light.

Somewhat Detailed Discussion

Please, think with me in the following discussion.
(1) Both the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum are not generated in the Sun because it is void of neutral oxygen atoms.
(2) Both the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum are observable in the direct solar flux received at the Earth.
The connection of these two facts triggers this question: from where does the seen Sun's position in the sky get the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum?
I see that the only plausible source for these emissions is global daytime auroras. However, the following two facts strongly support this explanation.
A- Both the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum are characteristic emissions of the auroral light. In their turn, the variations of auroral emissions are known to be simultaneous with the geomagnetic activities and intimately correlated with particle precipitation on the ionosphere.
B- All the variations of the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum observable in the direct solar flux received at Earth show simultaneity with the geomagnetic activities and intimate correlation with particle precipitation on the ionosphere.
What do we conclude from connecting the last two facts (A- & B-)?
We conclude that the O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum observable in the direct solar flux received at Earth are from very active, global, daytime auroral origin.
Taking for granted that this conclusion is right, then it spontaneously triggers this question: what is the mechanism that enables the daytime auroral O1 red 630.0nm spectrum and O1 yellowish-green 557.7nm spectrum to be concentrated and return earthward in the direct solar flux?
Only a process of focusing is capable of doing so. Hence, does such a focused light necessarily mean the presence of a parabolic converging mirror located directly above the light-emitting region of the ionosphere?
Yes, it does.
So, what is there above the ionosphere?
It is the geomagnetosphere (or say: the upper ionosphere-magnetosphere system).
Hence, is there any distinguished auroral display which can indicate that light of classical polar auroras might be seen while reflected in a concentrated manner?
Yes, the auroral corona (auroral radiant point) represents this distinguished display. Really, the appearance of the auroral corona reminds one of sunrise and looks like a starburst.
In the aggregate, we conclude that the Sun's position in the sky as seen at the Earth involves a well-developed auroral corona (auroral radiant point) formed inside the geospace at the focus of a parabolic, converging magnetosphere-made mirror, i.e., inside the magnetosphere itself.
Anyway, as long as the parabolic mirror converges at its focus parallel light rays, one might ask this question: do auroras in the ionosphere give forth parallel rays that spread upwards in the magnetosphere?
Yes, certainly.
It is established that auroras produce field-aligned light. A considerable portion of this light spreads from the ionosphere upwards as rays normal to the direction of the geomagnetic field. Because the lines of the geomagnetic field are almost parallel, then the rays which spread upwards perpendicular to these lines themselves are also almost parallel.
However, we must regard that the auroral radiation point (auroral corona) is not at all a matter of perspective (rail-road track effect), but instead it is a real convergence of auroral rays or other auroral forms. The concentrated light at the auroral radiant point, the variable intensity of its light, its looking like a starburst, its resembling a spotlight, its reminding of the sunrise appearance, its changeable shape, its variable colours, the observed probability of the formation of a rainbow opposite its heavenly position, its observed probability to appear as a ball, and its movement in the east-west direction at a rate of one degree per four minutes of time – all of these –consolidate to prove that it is not due to perspective.


The Auroral Oval and Dome of the Skylight

The photos taken for the auroral oval and dome of the skylight together could obviously show that both of them either expand simultaneously or contract simultaneously. However, the observations of Dynamics Explorer and Polar Spacecraft could show this very evident synchronized behavior in both of the auroral oval and dome of the skylight. Thus, only who does not believe his own eyes may ignore Attiyah's postulates.
Certainly, always the auroral oval has a dayside part. Sometimes, the auroras in the dayside part become more active than their simultaneous very bright counterparts in the night part of the oval. At the times of such events which may frequent daily, the dayside part of the auroral oval seems from space so larger and more extensive than the nighttime part. Nevertheless, in spite of the appearance of an auroral radiant point and its companion corona in the sky of the nighttime region of the auroral belt at the times of such very bright auroras, we do not see any auroral radiant point or its companion corona in the sky of the dayside region of the auroral belt. Does the brightness of the skylight of the dayside region of the auroral belt embed and hide the latter inevitable auroral radiant point and its companion corona, or does the solar light involve them?
I outweigh the latter probability, i.e., I consider that the seen Sun's position in the sky involves both the dayside auroral radiant point and its companion corona. The following reasons stand behind this outweighing.
1- No one talked about seeing an auroral radiant point of the bright auroras in the sky of the dayside region of the auroral belt whatever was the faintness of the skylight.
2- We do not find any report about seeing an auroral radiant point or its companion corona in the sky of the dayside region of the auroral belt at the times of the total solar eclipses whose tracks of totality passed the auroral belt itself. Instead we find photos of the diamond ring and reports about it. No doubt, the brightness of the skylight during the total solar eclipses at the times of the bright auroras is short of embedding their auroral radiant point and its companion corona.
3- Although, first, the "Midnight Sun" phenomenon is observed in the sky of the "heart" of the auroral zone and, second, the midnight at such a region is usually a time of auroral activity which might show very bright auroras, there are no reports of seeing any "auroral radiant point" besides the midnight Sun or far from it. Therefore, I consider that the absence of the auroral corona from the sky of the midnight Sun can indicate that the Midnight Sun itself usually involves it. Sometimes, the face of the Midnight Sun appears as converged draperies.
4- The observations always show an enhancement in the direct flux from the seen Sun's position at the times of the intensification of the auroral activities in the sky of the dayside region of the auroral belt. In addition to, such an enhancement seems not only simultaneous with the geomagnetic activities and the strengthened particle precipitations on the ionosphere, but also directly proportional to the level of them both.
5- At the time of the solar flares, the brightness of the ionosphere shows a global-scale increase, i.e., an increase appears simultaneously in the brightness of both the auroral oval and dome of the skylight.
6- About two to three days after the observation of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun, a simultaneous enhancement of the brightness appears in all of the auroral oval, the direct light from the Sun's position in the sky and dome of the skylight.



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