Post #2

To grasp the ISU you need to follow the rational and responsible thought process conveyed in the following sequence.

In BBT there was hot, high energy plasma sometimes referred to as a “soup” of matter and energy that expanded from some unmentioned but implied extremely dense origin, a singularity. BBT uses the plasma as the source of “matter”, i.e. in BBT matter comes from the plasma. In the ISU which is composed only of unifying energy particles, matter forms from those particles when the ideal energy density is reached and is negated back to unifying particles when energy density gets too high for matter to exist. The negation of matter back into EEPs in the crunch marks the beginning of a huge energy density fluctuation that is equivalent to the Big Bang in BBT.

The nature of the unifying particle that makes up the energy density of space in the ISU is not fully appreciated in BBT. The ISU predicts the existence of a greater universe within which the event that is equivalent to BBT’s big bang occurs, i.e. there is a “before and beyond” the big bang.

Some, if not most professionals say we have a perfectly good working theory to account for time and matter from the instant after the big event until now, but glaring in their absence are the source and cause of the big bang, the cause of gravity, the cause of galactic structure, and the cause of accelerating expansion. In addition, the best end result in BBT is complete entropy, a one time event that just hasn’t happened yet, and never will in the ISU.

All of that is solved in the ISU by the existence of the simple pulsing unifying particle, the elementary energy particle (EEP).

First estimates to quantify the EEP were made in the “Infinite Reach of Gravity” thread and are recapped as follows:

EEPs in electron 381,239,356
EEPs in proton 699,955,457,517
Proton/electron EEPs - ratio 1836
radius of proton in average EEP diameters 5508
EEP average diameter 9.1 x 10^-20
EEP rest energy 5.71 x 10^-27 joules
EEP electrical charge -4.20260913 × 10-28 coulombs
EEPs have positive energy Electrical charge of the EEP is assigned a negative value


The EEP forms the perfect background of the universe by occupying all space.

Space is infinite and the greater universe encompasses all space.

All space contains EEPs.

The universe is composed of only EEPs.

EEPs are indestructible and have always existed.

The number of EEPs in any volume of space makes up the energy density of that space (energy divided by volume equals energy density).

The energy density of a volume of space can fluctuate.

Matter forms when there is just the right energy density in a volume of space.

Matter is composed of EEPs and forms from the energy density of space.

The average energy density of space in the greater universe is high enough that some EEPs must be in the form of matter at all times.

The greater universe is characterized by a balance between energy density of space and the matter that forms from the energy density of space.

The fluctuations in the energy density of space occur because matter forms and gets negated back to energy density of space in a process of “energy to matter to energy” that takes place in “finite arenas” of space.

Gravity is matter dependent and gravity only exists because matter exists.

Gravity causes matter to attract matter giving matter its weight, and weight equals mass times the acceleration due to gravity.

When matter forms gravity begins and masses are attracted to each other.

All of the matter in the universe would collapse into a big crunch if it wasn’t for the critical capacity of a big crunch that causes finite arenas of energy and matter to form and then to burst.

Bursting big crunches keep the entire universe from collapsing under its own gravity.

EEPs cause the crunches to burst as they are negated from the matter in the crunch under the compression of gravity that is so great that matter cannot exist and the EEPs emerge as the crunch releases a ball of nearly infinite energy density into surrounding space.

Energy density of space is self regulating and as the nearly infinite energy density emerges it expands into the lower energy density of the space surrounding the crunch.

Since crunches are finite due to critical capacity and since the greater universe and the energy in the greater universe is infinite there are an infinite number of arenas where finite crunches are forming and bursting at any point in time.

Our observable universe is one of those bursts; one of the infinite number of expanding bursts that exist across the greater universe at all times, each in its own arena.

All bursts expand, and as they expand the energy density of the ball of high energy density is eventually reduced to the point that there is just the right energy density across that arena or expanding volume of space for matter to form.

Matter forms abundantly and almost simultaneously across the entire volume of each expanding arena.

Our expanding universe is no different and matter formation in our observable universe has occurred and progressed to the current point where galaxies are scattered across the entire expanse.

Galaxies form in the expanding volume of energy density in space and are separated from each other over time as the expansion progresses.

The expansion caused by the equalization of the energy density of the burst with the energy density of the greater universe causes galaxies to all appear to be moving away from each other regardless of the position of the observer within the expanding arena.

EEPs pulse by expanding and contracting under there own perpetual power.

When the ideal energy density exists for matter formation, the pulsing is fully expressed and each pulse causes a tiny fluctuation of energy density associated with the space that each individual EEP occupies.

The fluctuation is a pulse of low energy density followed by a pulse of high energy density in a continual repetition as the EEP expands and contracts.

The ideal energy density of pulsing EEPs in space permits EEPs to join together and pulse alternately in the same space forming a group.

The bigger the group of joined EEPs the bigger the low energy density that surrounds them as space is vacated around the group when the EEPs join and pulse in the same space.

The low energy density surrounding the growing group attracts more EEPs into the low energy density zone surrounding the grouping.

This swarming of the forming group by EEPs results in the first stable stage of matter formation when these groupings achieve a stable vibration.

The vibration is the result of the pulses of the individual EEPs joined in the grouping.

The stable particle comprises a proton that now has a particular vibration that the swarming EEPs cannot penetrate.

The proton is surrounded by a very nice low energy density zone when it forms.

The zone forms as a substantial volume of space in the perfect background has contributed EEPs to the now relatively small space occupied by the proton.

The vacated space comprises the low energy density zone surrounding the proton.

EEPs continue to swarm the low energy density zone surrounding the proton because they are continually trying to equalize the energy density of contiguous space, i.e. spread out evenly in the perfect background including the zone.

An electron cloud forms from a finite number of those EEPs in the low energy density zone surrounding the proton.

The electron underneath the “weight” of the continuing swarm of EEPs reaches capacity and sloughs excess EEPs in the form of a photon like a little bullet forced out of the cloud at the speed of light.

The hydrogen atom now exits and hydrogen atoms make up all of the matter and mass in the entire universe at this early stage of matter formation.

At this stage our expanding universe is an isotropic and homogeneous mass of hydrogen atoms that are all attracted to each other by their low energy density zones.

The low energy density zones around each atom are perpetuated by the swarming of EEPs and the sloughing of EEPs in the form of photons.

The cause of gravity is this flow of EEPs into mass and out of mass as photons which perpetuate the low energy density zones.

The low energy density surrounding mass would have the same effect as curved or warped space.

The difference between gravity in GR and gravity in the ISU is that there is a specific cause of low energy density zone surrounding mass in the ISU while there are only equations that define the curvature of space in GR, but no cause.

Any given volume of space at any energy density contains a “finite number” of unifying particles, so if you remove some particles from the perfect background to form a photon, then backfill occurs.

Photons take up less space than the EEPs from which they form so backfill is the movement of unifying particles into the low energy density left by the flow of unifying particles through mass and out as photons.

Since there are a finite number of unifying particles in any volume of space, the backfill is felt across the entire volume no matter how far reaching the volume and all of the EEPs in that volume of space are shifted to fill the space vacated by the formation of the new proton.

Since there are a finite number of unifying particles in any volume of space, the backfill is felt across the entire volume no matter how far reaching the volume, thus all of the EEPs in that volume of space are shifted to fill the space vacated by the formation of the new proton.

Bodies in space will move toward the path of lowest energy density, i.e. in the case of two bodies, since both are surrounded by low energy density zones that reach across any volume of space due to the “backfill” effect, the path of lowest energy density is a straight line between them.

They will ultimately tend toward each other and this tendency will eventually draw them deeper into each others “gravitational well”, hence the reach of gravity is infinite.

Gravity is at work and causes great masses of hydrogen atoms to form.

As hydrogen atoms combine due to this gravity the low energy density zone of the combined atoms equals the sum of the low energy density zone of each atom and so as mass accumulates the size of the low energy density zone increases.

Photons are continually emitted by mass as this continuous flow of EEPs into mass occurs.

Photons can be absorbed by mass and as mass absorbs photons the energy of the mass increases.

The energy of mass increases as it absorbs photons.

The surrounding hydrogen atoms that are emitting photons are continually adding to the energy of the masses of hydrogen atoms that are now forming hydrogen stars.

The energy of the photons emitted by mass increases as the energy of mass goes up and so the energy of photons emitted by the resulting hydrogen stars creates a thermal gradient of photons because photons are emitted from different depths within the stars.

The huge hydrogen stars burn quickly, collapse, explode and burn out leaving a rich temperature gradient signature in the “dust” across a now cooling and expanding expanse of the remnants of the hydrogen epoch in our arena.

The first neutrons form in the hydrogen stars as the gravity of the star forces an electron into the proton.

Heavier nuclei along with an abundance of helium and lithium form from the protons and neutrons as the first round of hydrogen stars collapse and explode.

There is a slight anisotropy in the temperature of this dust because the lives of the first round of hydrogen stars vary slightly and therefore the burn out rate varies as well.

New heavier slower burning stars will form from this dust but first there is a period of thermalization that gives rise to the cosmic microwave background radiation that we now observe.

Galactic structure began to take shape from this thermalized environment as groups of smaller stars formed from the dust of the hydrogen epoch.

The groups of smaller stars were positioned by the density of the dust from the first round of huge hydrogen stars that burned fast, collapsed, exploded and left their mark as hinted to by a pattern of anisotropy in the CMBR.

The first round of hydrogen stars and the subsequent galaxies that formed from their “dust” were all carried apart by the continued progression of the expansion of the high energy density burst into the lower energy density that surrounded the burst.

Separation of galaxies continues today and is accelerating as both expansion and the flow of gravity continues to dilute the density of EEPs across the entire expanse of our arena.

But even with this dilution the EEPs are not going to become scarce.

A means for making the first estimate of the number of EEPs in a proton is covered in the "Infinite Reach" thread.