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Originally Posted by Nereid High quality astronomical observations, by the million, are consistent with the early universe being a (very) high energy (density) thing.

I think that in the BBT that all of the particles that compose matter were there from the start in a “soup”, if I may use that term. They were too hot to function together and so from some initial cause unspecified in BBT, the soup began to “expand” but I think it could be called “spread out” or “separate”. And it cooled as it expanded and when it cooled sufficiently it began to function as matter as we know it, absorbing and emitting photons, reacting to gravity, making a CMBR, forming stars, stars explode into “dust”, dust forms stars and galaxies, all separating from each other.

In the ISU, the precondition that caused the “expansion” which is a merging of two huge energy density fluctuations is identified. It was a big crunch that burst. That is why I predict an EEP. The EEP enables the undiscovered physics to cause a big crunch to burst.

Choosing a cosmology that provides an origin of our expanding universe must include the missing physics that allows for the formation of conditions that could result in the initial expansion. It is unavoidable that a discussion of possible causes of the initial event be considered because there might be some aspect of the preconditions that affects how our observable universe works today.

Using observations well documented and confirmed about the expansion of our universe and acknowledging a very dense precondition that I find is absolutely required in my cosmology based on observation, it occurred to me that a big crunch was that “precondition”. A big crunch came to mind because it is mentioned as one of the possible ways that entropy will prevail in BBT.

Logic says that if there was a big crunch as a precondition, then entropy did not prevail and so there are some undiscovered physics that could be the cause of the initial expansion and that defeat entropy.

BBT does not consider the preconditions properly IMHO.

Why did I resort to a bottom up approach? Because there are some things that we just don’t know and can only speculate about. For any speculation to be of use it has to be responsible and must strive for the simplest explanation IMHO. That is the bottom up approach. In order for a crunch to become a big bang I knew that there had to be some missing physics.

That physics is embodied in the elemental energy particle (EEP) with which you are beginning to get familiar. The EEP is the tiny self-contained pulsing quantum energy density fluctuation that makes up the energy density of space and that combines to form all particles and matter that exist and that provides the power source behind all of the energy of the universe. When it comes to defeating entropy, it is the EEP that is behind the “energy to matter to energy” process, the huge energy density fluctuations (the forming and “dissolving” of an arena is a huge energy density fluctuation) that recycle matter and energy in each arena. An example of an arena is our presently expanding “big bang” universe.

The ISU cosmology is built on defining the missing physics of the EEP. In the ISU there is a simple assertion that there will be a discovery of such a unifying particle because there is undiscovered physics and the EEP embodies the characteristics necessary. The preconditions to the big “bang” are enabled by that missing particle. The preconditions unfold into a greater universe characterized by a pervasive metamorphosis from matter back to energy. This metamorphosis occurs in big crunches that form and burst in an interwoven lattice of regeneration across the greater universe (I know you hate the word salad but it is just an attempt to describe what I am talking about).

The Role of the EEP throughout the life of an arena

Each arena is only temporary; but then they might exist for ten trillion years forming and “dissolving” back into the greater universe. We think the galaxies in our arena have been forming and separating for 13.7 billion years (the estimated age of our expanding universe) so what is another ten trillion years, almost never relative to the infinite, right?

Matter is prevalent because there has always been a balance between energy and matter across the greater universe.

Gravity working on this matter is the first phase of the life of an arena. Under the attraction of gravity, matter from the greater universe naturally and slowly forms into great attractors that acquire an accretive disk that compels matter to swirl toward their center of gravity forming a big “crunch”.

The second phase occurs because there is a natural critical capacity that each crunch can encompass. We are talking about matter in the form of galaxies, black holes, cosmic dust and even passing photons being accumulated in the crunch. All arenas are essentially the same as to content and length of service because of this “critical capacity”. The characteristics of the EEP determine what constitutes critical capacity. This means that the big crunch that accumulates around the center of gravity in an arena can only get so big before it bursts.

The burst occurs because EEPs get locked in the core of the crunch and can’t pulse. As the locked core grows there is a growing potential energy struggling against the compression of gravity. The locked core is the extreme energy density environment.

The accretion into the crunch continues and as the locked core grows, the potential “burst” energy increases. Interestingly enough, the locked core is no longer “matter” because matter loses its identity even before the EEPs get locked. When matter is compressed at the core of the crunch, it is “negated” and becomes an extremely dense energy environment instead of matter. The distinction between matter and this extremely dense energy is that the locked core does not exert gravity, only matter exerts gravity. The mass of the crunch is being converted to potential burst energy.

Eventually a sufficient amount of matter is negated within the crunch so that the potential burst energy of the locked core exceeds the compression of gravity and the burst occurs.

Please note that when the burst occurs, the critical capacity of the crunch has been reached and the burst becomes a simple matter of the missing physics. Because of critical capacity, all crunches will burst instead of growing endlessly. This is the reason that the entire greater universe does not collapse into a single crunch as is predicted by cosmologies that don’t include the EEP.

The burst marks the release of the near infinitely dense energy environment into the extremely low energy density of surrounding space, i.e. into the greater universe surrounding the crunch. The surrounding energy density of space (EDS) is referred to as “extremely low” relative to the extremely high EDS released by the burst. Both environments consist of EEPs. Matter in the arena has been negated except for the residual accretive disk. The disk close to the crunch is already plasma which is negated along with any matter in the vicinity when the burst occurs.

The expansion that occurs in each arena after the release of the near infinitely high energy density is the process of energy density equalization at work. Equalization is the merger of two adjoining energy density environments. Energy in space is continually trying to equalize its density across contiguous space and so our dense ball of freshly unlocked EEPs emerges from the crunch and immediately expands as it merges with the low energy density of the greater universe surrounding the crunch. The energy density of the emergent ball is being diluted by the equalization process as it expands.

The dilution of the energy density continues until the ideal energy density for matter formation is achieved. This is the energy density of space that allows the individual EEPs to sufficiently express their expansion and contraction. Sufficient pulsing results in an energy environment that favors EEP combining.

The combining of EEPs occurs when they become synchronized. Synchronization is achieved when a fully contracted EEP finds itself adjacent to a fully expanded EEP, a condition that can not occur when EEP overlap is too high. Synchronized EEPs are merged into the same space, one expanding in that space while one contracts from that space, held together by their tiny individual energy density fluctuations as they pulse in alternate phases. Synchronization causes a migration from chaos to order. As more synchronization occurs, the more orderly becomes the use of space by synchronized EEPs. Space is thus freed up or vacated by the jostling that results in synchronized groupings of EEPs.

Vacated space causes an energy density differential between that empty space and the EEPs that make up the energy density of the surrounding space. In fact empty space is the ultimate energy density differential and EEPs swarm to fill it even at the lowest ranges of EDS. This means that individual EEPs from the background are squeezing into the vacated space which provides the synchronized grouping of EEPs continual access to unsynchronized EEPs and the synchronized group grows as each niche is filled by a willing EEP pressed in by the “weight” of the swarming EEPs.

The proton is the first stable particle that forms from this grouping process. The surface of the proton is a completely synchronized EEP barrier that prevents additional EEPs from finding a niche. The swarming of the proton continues as it is still surrounded by this zone of vacated space perpetuated as EEPs are taken up into the forming proton.

Once the stable proton exists the swarm surrounding it forms an electron, a concentrated cloud of EEPs still attempting to find a niche in the proton but rejected by the proton and captured in the protons vacated space.

The rejected EEPs overfill the vacated space and are forced to slough off some of the excess energy back into and against the flow of the swarm. The excess energy builds up until the pressure in the swarm exceeds the “weight” of the swarm and a packet of EEPs is forced from the cloud in a discrete packet of EEPs called a photon. The force of the ejection from the electron causes the photon to travel at the speed of light attesting to the huge potential of the energy differential caused by the tiny zone of vacated space surrounding the proton at the instant that it stabilized.

This process of matter formation causes hydrogen to form abundantly and almost simultaneously across the entire expanse making a homogeneous and isotropic environment of hydrogen atoms across the entire expanse.

It is amazing how quickly the energy density of the expanding ball diminishes as matter forms. Logic says the “post matter formation” environment is still a very high energy density environment because only a portion of the EEPs that emerged from the crunch found a niche in the stable proton and it’s captured electron.

After this abundant matter formation period there is still active energy density equalization occurring between the homogeneous and isotropic hydrogen environment and the surrounding low energy density of the greater universe into which it is expanding.

Gravity has been reintroduced into the environment by the formation of the hydrogen atoms. These atoms are attracted to each other by gravity and they begin a clumping process that quickly leads to the formation of huge fast hot burning hydrogen stars. The stars, because of their huge size are quick to collapse, explode, and die out permeating the environment with their “dust”. This is the environment where thermalization occurs and the CMBR originates.

This heated dust contains the product of fusion, the heavier nuclei that lead to nucleosynthesis and the emergence of heavier slower burning stars and the formation of galaxies composed of stars that are often surrounded by planets.

These galaxies are all moving away from each other as a result of the ongoing expansion. As the energy density slowly becomes equalized with the greater universe, the galaxies, dust and uncombined EEPs from the burst rejoin the greater universe. The arena that formed as long as ten trillion years ago has now dissolved back into the greater universe.

The greater universe has been replenished with useful energy in many forms, an example of the defeat of entropy orchestrated by the tiny EEP.

After the hydrogen stars formed and as they collapsed and exploded.
There is high energy in the hydrogen star epoch.
You asked this already. They do not exert gravity but are influenced by the gravitational field. Does that make them matter, I think so in a way but not in the same sense that atoms are matter. Atoms exert gravity and are influenced by gravity.
The same answer applies to them.
As mentioned above, the dilution of the energy density continues until the ideal energy density for matter formation is achieved. This is the energy density of space that allows the individual EEPs to sufficiently express their expansion and contraction. Sufficient pulsing results in an energy environment that favors EEP combining.

The combing of EEPs occurs when they become synchronized. Synchronization is achieved when a fully contracted EEP finds itself adjacent to a fully expanded EEP, a condition that can not occur when EEP overlap is too high.
The matter formation period is very rapid in cosmological terms. I put it in a range from ten thousand to a half a million years depending on how efficient energy density equalization is. I wish I could do better on that but I am working alone with almost no input to help me brainstorm these kinds of questions.