Before I continue with the promised post on the period between the end of the inflationary epoch and the formation of stars, I want to address vacuum energy density.

VACUUM ENERGY DENSITY

Space is permeated with EEPs, the elementary energy wave particle. The EEPs are indivisible entities in and of themselves, but they can interact with each other to form massive objects.

To describe vacuum energy density I will introduce an environment of EEPs that theoretically could exist but in reality will never be found. Let’s refer to a huge patch of space as an arena. The arena that I will use to describe this particular environment of EEPs is the size of space necessary for every EEP in the known universe to be moving independently and freely at the speed of light and disbursed so the density of EEPs per cubic centimeter is in equilibrium with the amount of space in the arena, allowing EEPs to move and interact freely and consistently over the entire arena; evenly distributed throughout the arena in perfect balance with the available space, perfectly homogeneous and isotropic at an infinitesimal level.

EEPs have a natural tendency to interact with each other and to form groupings with the combined mass of the constituent EEPs. As the mass of the various combined EEP groupings increases, more and more EEPs and EEP groupings are attracted, and there are a growing number of patches that have higher EEP density than the surrounding ground state density. This tendency to interact and form growing masses, and for those masses to combine and attract more similar masses eventually results in various great attractors forming throughout the original arena.

These great attractors have a very high density of EEPs while the remainder of the arena has a very low EEP density. The relationship between the density of the growing masses and the density of the rest of the arena continues to diverge. The growing mass will eventually become a big crunch (destined to become a big bang) and will include such a high density of EEPs, that relative to the density of the surrounding arena, the crunch is nearly infinitely dense while the surrounding arena is relatively void.

At this point the surrounding arena is at maximum vacuum energy density and the crunch is at maximum matter energy density.

When the big bang occurs and the EEPs are freed in their highly excited state, the surrounding vacuum energy density is immediately employed to restore the equilibrium of the ground state by sucking highly excited and rapidly expanding EEPs back into the arena from which the big crunch was formed.

A crunch that may have taken ten trillion years to form, may expand and refill the arena in only a trillion years.

While I'm thinking about it let me toss in:

No detectible edge and ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation

At the instant of the big bang all the EEPs are highly excited as they burst out of confinement and shoot away from the compacted center. Their relative movement is chaotic as they are again traveling at the speed of light and colliding and bumping around in a fight with each other for their own space. Because of the chaos, their interactions are primarily collisions at this point. As the highly excited core breaks through the outer layers of the big crunch, their extreme excitement negates any EEP groups that may still exist in the outer layers, causing all of the matter in the big crunch to be reduced to free EEPs.

Vacuum energy determines a proclivity as to where the EEP chaos will go. Obviously they won’t tend to return to the center of the crunch, they will tend to go away from the center of the crunch, out to areas where the matter energy density of EEPs is lower and the vacuum energy density is higher.

The migration from the center will continue until the positive pressure and the negative pressure are equalized a trillion years later and that will correspond with the time that it takes for the arena of vacuum energy to be filled and homogeneity and isotropy of the arena to be restored. Such equilibrium is theory though and not reality, because in the process of refilling the arena of vacuum energy, EEPs will have been interacting and forming groupings and atomic particles, and helium and hydrogen, and gas clouds and stars, and galaxies, all moving within the expanding bubble of EEPs that were casually connected at the instant of the big bang and separated from the greater universe by this arena of vacuum energy. Only when the arena is filled and the vacuum energy is used up does the big bang lose its local identity and become merged and mingled with the greater universe.

While it retains its local identity, i.e. while the arena of vacuum energy exists and separates the local expansion from the greater universe, there is no identifiable edge of expansion. Everything seems to be moving away from everything else because the vacuum energy is casually connected just like the matter energy is casually connected to the big bang. Particles moving into the vacuum energy are being sucked away from the particles behind them so that they accelerate relative to the particles behind them in the expansion. Groupings of EEPs that are formed in the process are carried along with the expansion and appear to be moving away from other groupings that form behind them in the expanding area of matter energy and out into the contracting area of vacuum energy.

In fact as the matter energy expands out into the vacuum energy, the matter energy encounters other matter energy that was in the grasp of the big crunch but never quite made it into the crunch by the instant of the bang. These encounters cause ripples in the consistency of the expanding matter energy out into the vacuum energy and appear even today as slight variances in the cosmic microwave background radiation.

How does any of what you wrote in this post, quoting mine, answer any of the questions I asked?

Please be as specific as you can.

Inflation, in my limited understanding, has two implications. The exponential expansion that I have heard referred to as the Inflationary Epoch, and the accelerating expansion sometimes mentioned as a push caused by dark energy. These two implications are part of the explanation of why we can't detect the edge of the universe, expansion looks the same in all directions.

The vacuum energy (negative pressure) working on the expanding universe plays a role in our inability to detect the edge as mentioned in that post and plays the same role as dark energy. Vacuum energy works from beyond and surrounding the expanding universe while dark energy is supposed to be pushing from within the expanding universe. I like the vacuum energy idea better than the dark energy idea. I suggested how vacuum energy might work in my post about vacuum energy density.

This might help clarify the role of the EEP by showing its role in my model vs. the role of “self-repulsive” dark energy from the Steinhardt/Turok model.

From another forum that I post in:
A Cyclic Model of the Universe
Paul J. Steinhardt and Neil Turok

“We propose a cosmological model in which the universe undergoes an endless sequence of cosmic epochs each beginning with a ‘bang’ and ending in a ‘crunch.’ The temperature and density are finite at each transition from crunch to bang. Instead of having an inflationary epoch, each cycle includes a period of slow accelerated expansion (as recently observed) followed by slow contraction. The combination produces a homogeneity, flatness, density fluctuations and energy needed to begin the next cycle.”



Steinhardt and Turok have proposed a model that address what happened before the Big Bang and have concluded that there was a crunch. They see the universe as finite and in a continual sequence of crunch bangs, and infinite in time, having no beginning and no end. They confidently feel that the acceleration of expansion (as recently observed) is caused by a repulsive dark energy that was not predicted by the standard model.

Obviously, as you can tell from my OP and posts, I agree with them in part. The universe has always existed, our Big Bang was preceded by a big crunch, and a bang occurs when a crunch reaches sufficient capacity, and the universe is “flat” (in terms of the cosmological principle which defines the universe as either open, closed or flat).

There are two big differences though between the Steinhardt/Turok model and mine. They model a universe finite in content and attribute accelerated expansion to self-repulsive dark energy. (1) I model a universe infinite in content, and (2) I attribute accelerated expansion to vacuum energy.

I contend that vacuum energy requires an infinite universe both spatially and in content, and therefore it cannot be part of a model that sees the universe as finite in content. Since Steinhardt/Turok won’t go with infinite in content, they are stuck with coming up with some “self-repulsive” dark energy that somehow grows up as the universe expands and adds a boost to the expansion to explain the acceleration that has been detected.

Here is how I describe vacuum energy from my recent post in this thread on BAUT with a few small improvements in wording): “Space is permeated with EEPs, the elementary energy wave particle. The EEPs are indivisible entities in and of themselves, but they can interact with each other to form massive objects.

To describe vacuum energy density I will introduce an environment of EEPs that theoretically could exist but in reality will never be found. Let’s refer to a huge patch of space as an arena. The arena that I will use to describe this particular environment of EEPs is the size of space necessary for every EEP in the known universe to be moving independently and freely at the speed of light and disbursed so the density of EEPs per cubic centimeter is in equilibrium with the amount of space in the arena, allowing EEPs to move and interact freely and consistently over the entire arena; evenly distributed throughout the arena in perfect balance with the available space, perfectly homogeneous and isotropic at an infinitesimal level.

EEPs have a natural tendency to interact with each other and to form groupings which combine the mass of the constituent EEPs. As the mass of the various combined EEP groupings increases, more and more EEPs and EEP groupings are attracted, and there are a growing number of patches that have higher EEP density than the surrounding ground state density. This tendency to interact and form growing masses, and for those masses to combine and attract more similar masses eventually results in various great attractors forming throughout the original arena.

These great attractors have a very high density of EEPs while the remainder of the arena has a very low EEP density. The relationship between the density of the growing masses and the density of the rest of the arena continues to diverge. The growing mass will eventually become a big crunch (destined to become a big bang) and will include such a high density of EEPs, that relative to the density of the surrounding arena, the crunch is nearly infinitely dense while the surrounding arena is relatively void.

At this point the surrounding arena is at maximum vacuum energy density (negative pressure) and the crunch is at maximum matter energy density (fully compressed in the crunch).

When the big bang occurs and the EEPs are freed in their highly excited state, the surrounding vacuum energy density is immediately employed to restore the equilibrium state by sucking highly excited and rapidly expanding EEPs back into the arena from which the big crunch was formed.

A crunch that may have taken ten trillion years to form, may expand and refill the arena in only a trillion years.”

------

This description, in plain English, describes how my model accounts for inflation and the accelerated expansion that has been detected. When I read Steinhardt/Turok’s description of “self-repulsive” dark energy I had no idea how or why it works or where it came from.

If someone understands the dark energy in their model I would appreciate a brief description in common language that a non-scientist can understand. If my hunch is correct, no one will be able to provide such an explanation because there is no explanation; self-repulsive dark energy does not exist.

Vacuum energy density (the cosmological constant) causes the accelerated expansion that we now observe. The expansion will continue until equilibrium is restored. The content of the known universe will expand on out into the greater universe, and will be incorporated into various future big crunches that are characteristic of the greater universe.

What is the observational evidence for more than one big bang? for big crunches?Can quantum theory be used to describe EEPs?Why?

More particularly, how does the concept of EEPs avoid the mutual incompatibility of quantum theory and GR, in the Planck regime?How rapid?
How hot?
Free of what?
How long is "an instant"?
What is the geometry of the space into which the EEPs are being sucked?Do EEPs 'feel' the strong force? the electroweak force?How big is this core?
What other structures does "the big crunch" have (other than a core)?
What is doing the locking?
Are the "pulses" periodic? If so, what is (are) the period(s)?How small is this volume?
How do EEPs avoid the mutual inconsistency between QM and GR?

(I think that's enough for now)

Assumptions: The universe is infinite both spatially and in energy content. In a universe infinite in energy, is there any reason to believe our big bang is not just a common ordinary big bang? With infinite energy to work with why not an infinite number of such bangs present now throughout the potentially infinite Universe.Yes, to the extent that critical density and the cosmological constant are now used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclo...l_density.html

Critical density is the average density of the energy content of a flat universe, i.e. when vacuum energy and matter energy are in balance with each other.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclo..._constant.html
If you mean why, "In order to accomplish this cycle the EEP must have some characteristics that set it apart for anything we can actually find and study", it is because there is no explanation of what caused the big bang.

If you mean why, "If we limit our description to characteristics necessary to accomplish the task, and avoid unnecessary description and characteristics, the required EEP will be a simple 'thing'", it is because if we can explain the physics need without extra dimension, that would be better.

If you mean why, "Try to be logical and rational, and evaluate the EEP from a detached perspective, and you should agree that at the instant of the big bang, the particle would be in its most excited state, and the interactions between EEPs that are possible will begin very slowly because of these highly excited and rapidly expanding circumstances", it is because under extreme pressure, particles as we know them demonstrate an increase in thermal radiation, heat, and it is equated to "excitement" in my description of the EEP.In the Plank regime, the energy is represented as permeating space, and virtual particles are proposed to transmit or move energy from place to place. The EEP, having mass and being indestructible does not come in and out of existence, and becomes a GR entity having mass and momentum.You mean the expansion? The standard cosmology today, the Big Bang with Inflation, goes as far back in time as the instant after the big bang, and describes the total content of the ‘known’ universe it that instant as being smaller than a pinhead, and hotter that Hades. In the second instant there was exponential expansion when the universe inflated 500,000,000,000 times in size, establishing an isotropic and homogeneous domain within which and from which the known universe evolved.

http://research.amnh.org/~tyson/essa...yEverTold.html

Also from the above link,” When the universe was a piping-hot 10^30 degrees and a youthful 10^-43 seconds old" Free of the bonds and forces that are characteristic of atomics and nuclear physics, i.e. the forces that bind the nucleolus of the atom together, and contain electrons to the various rings around the nucleolus, as well as free from physics of the sub-nuclear particles, quarks in particular, since I propose all of the above are composed of the smaller EEP.10^-43 seconds or so.
Space is filled with energy, and the energy permeating space takes one of two forms; matter energy or vacuum energy. The two together equal total energy. The values assigned to matter energy (ME) and vacuum energy (VE) are directly related to each other, i.e. they both increase or decrease together.

"Matter energy" is based on E=mc^2, i.e. matter and energy are proportional to the relationship where the energy contained in matter is equal to the mass of the matter times the speed of light squared. Clearly there is a large amount of energy in even a tiny amount of matter.

From this relationship, E=mc^2, we can get a good impression of what matter energy is and I will use that formula to define matter energy.

However E=mc^2 gives us just as good an impression of what vacuum energy is when you consider the direct relationship between matter energy and vacuum energy. Since as ME increases, VE increases; the increase in VE equals the increase in ME. This works if ME comes from VE, and if that is the case, then VE can be defined by e=mc^2 as well.

This makes sense if VE and ME are taken to mean the physical content of energy in space as defined by E=mc^2, and that as the physical content of energy in space accumulates in one area of space it must decline in another. The area where the content of energy accumulates is an area of ME relative to the area where the content of energy declines. So the content of energy in ME is relative to the content of energy in VE, in an inverse relationship. Since matter energy and vacuum energy are said to have a direct relationship, vacuum energy increases in an area as the content of energy in that area of space decrease and therefore vacuum energy is measured as a negative while matter energy is measured as a positive. The negative amount of vacuum energy increases as the positive amount of matter energy increases, and there is no change in the total amount of energy. Energy is just redistributed from one area of space to another. Vacuum energy grows as energy is removed from the VE space.

At this point in the description of ME and VE we should go back to the term critical density. ME and VE are in balance at the point of critical density. This means that if the energy content of all space was equally distributed throughout space, there would be no areas of ME or VE, there would just be space containing energy at critical density everywhere. This circumstance would exit if the universe was homogeneous and isotropic at the infinitesimal level.

Since the space we are talking about is in the vicinity of a big crunch, the ME density of the crunched material is extremely dense with EEPs, and the surrounding arena (the space from which the big crunch was accumulated over maybe ten trillion years) contains an extreme amount of VE, translated to an extremely sparse population of EEPs.

Reminder: both VE and ME are composed of EEPs, but as the density of ME increases, the EEP density of VE decreases.
I am not sure of the relationship of the EEP to the quanta of the Higgs field, i.e. Higgs bosons. I am sticking with the idea the EEPs have mass and am perplexed by certain descriptions of the electroweak force studies where particles with zero mass can be completely left or right handed. I think that time will have to tell when electroweak theory and QCD are unified someday, maybe.
In physical size the core is not large because of the density of locked EEPs; near infinite density.

If the mass of an electron is about 1/2000th of the mass of a proton, and if the electron consists of ~one million EEPs, then the hydrogen atom contains two billion EEPs. If the average density of the universe is one hydrogen atom per cubic meter (I can't remember the exact estimates but it is a small number, say 3 to 6) , then the average density of the pre-synthesis material is two billion EEPs per cubic meter or 2 EEPs per 10^-10 cubic meters. If you compress all of the EEPs required to make up the matter in the known universe you get ~ *Bogie gets out his calculator and finds he can't figure it out yet*, but more that a teaspoon full.http://filer.case.edu/~sjr16/stars_blackhole.html
The core represents the singularity in the linked diagram. Other structure in the big crunch could be similar to proposed structure of a massive black hole, i.e. inner and outer event horizons, Ergosphere, and accretion disk.Compression.Yes.The frequency of the pulses covers the frequencies along the electromagnetic spectrum.

The size of EEPs is infinitesimal, but they can vary in size from >0 to 1 on a scale I call the "presence scale" of EEPs. The maximum size is determined by the maximum mass that can keep from flying apart at the peak of the expansion phase of the EEP expansion/contraction cycle.

The mass of the EEPs is measured in “presence”. Presence of an EEP falls in a range from >0 to 1. The frequency of the pulse of an individual EEP is determined by its “mass/presence”, i.e. the relative mass on the presence scale.

The frequency of the pulse is inversely related to the “mass/presence”.

Based on electromagnetic radiation being the emission of wave/particle EEPs, the size of the EEP on the 0 to 1 scale determines the frequency of the pulse and the relative placement of that particular EEP on the frequency range along the EMR spectrum.The volume of an EEP varies between >zero and 1, 1 being the maximum size that can exist and still not be blown apart by the expansion phase of the EEP pulse cycle. I have estimated the size above in effect. "If the mass of an electron is about 1/2000th of the mass of a proton, and if the electron consists of ~one million EEPs, then the hydrogen atom contains two billion EEPs. If the average density of the universe is one hydrogen atom per cubic meter, then the average density of the pre-synthesis material is two billion EEPs per cubic meter or 2 EEPs per 10^-10 cubic meters. If you compress all of the EEPs required to make up the matter in the known universe you get ~ *Bogie gets out his calculator and finds he can't figure it out yet*, but more that a teaspoon full."In QM as in the Planck regime, the energy is represented as permeating space, and virtual particles are proposed to transmit or move energy from place to place. The EEP, having mass and being indestructible does not come in and out of existence, and becomes a GR entity having mass and momentum.


If this is not responsive in various parts please let me know, because as I said in the OP, this is a work in progress.

Thank you for taking the time to evaluate my post and bring up such thoughtful questions.

Just so that I don't misunderstand ... are you claiming that there is a fundamental limit to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

In particular, that ΔE cannot be greater than some limiting value, no matter how small Δt is?

Does ΔE refer to an electron? And so the uncertainty principle says if we know where an electron is at any point in time means we can't know its momentum, and to know its momentum we can't know its position?

And further does this apply to smaller particles in QM? Is ΔE a change in position, and Δt a change in time, i.e. are you saying that as a particle moves its position changes by ΔE (distance) in the period of time Δt?

Which ever it is, the EEP is undetectable for a similar reason. There is nothing small enough to indicate the presence of an EEP so the uncertainty principle remains in tact.

But the EEP does define the shortest possible length of time that can be measured. It has physical presence and momentum, and its pulses are theoretically the shortest measurable length of time.

If this is a fundamental limit that applies to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle I do not know. If so, it seems to me we would have to be able to detect either the position or the momentum of the EEP itself. What is there that small if the EEP itself is the smallest elementary particle and therefore seemingly undetectable?

Let me add a thought that is related. The EEP is an entity in space-time. There is no rest state like with an electron. The EEPs that make up an electron are in constant movement at the speed of light inside the electron's dimensions.

What I'm trying - poorly, so far - to do is probe your claims wrt QM and GR.

In particular, though you state, in effect, that "QM Rules, OK?", I want to explore whether your EEPs do, in fact, behave according to Dirac, Heisenberg, etc.

Let me try again.

GR is a theory about the geometry of space(-time). That geometry is determined by the mass-energy of the region under discussion (and outside the region too, but we'll ignore that, for now).

An inextricable part of quantum theory is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. One conjugate pair is energy and time.

In an interval of time Δt, the energy of our region can be uncertain up to ΔE, where Δt ΔE ≥ ħ/2.

When ΔE gets large enough, the geometry of space(-time) becomes seriously different from 'flat'.

When Δt is ~ Planck time, the geometry of space(-time) becomes mush/nonsense.

In our everyday existence, who cares what shape space-time has, in time intervals of ~ Planck time?! There is no observable consequence of this mutual QM/GR inconsistency.

However, if we run the clock back, on the whole universe, we find that the question of what went on in its first Planck second of existence appears to make sense (as a question), but is also impossible to answer, as long as we try to answer using both QM and GR.

Along comes the Bogie idea, full of EEPs.

If EEPs are thoroughly quantum particles, then how tightly can we constrain their energy, within a Planck time? If EEPs are thoroughly quantum particles, then how tightly can we constrain their momentum, within a Planck length?

If EEPs are thoroughly quantum particles, how do they make the geometry of space(-time) sensible, within the first Planck second? When the universe was the size of a Planck length?

Is there a simple version? I'm curious as to what makes the EEPs move in the first place. Not sure I cought on to that part.

Also, it sounds like your talking about frequency modulation or FM in some of it. How more than one wave interacts and modulates another, but whats the source of the original movement I guess I'm wondering.

Thanks!