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So the body of work Nasa did for Apollo still exists, and it was important work. How would it be an unsafe area for a scientist if Nasa did all that important work for Apollo? Can you point me towards the work that Nasa did, surely it can't have been forgotten?
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Its momentum is affected as is its frequency but the term accelerated is not used. Even in the case of a horizontal photons, I had a world expert in GR object to my use of accelerated for the bending of light. I said that the vector of its velocity was altered and that is acceleration. He didn't like it being called acceleration. So I said to him to tell me what to call that, but it was what happened whatever you called it. Quote:
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Thank You.
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I first discovered for myself that there was a correlation between planetary alignments (tidal calculation) and sunspots in about 1964. When I went to the library to see if I could find a mention, the only one I found was a mention of someone who proposed the same thing in the 1800s. Later I saw something on NASA, possibly in Scientific American or somewhere like that. But this would have been in the late 1960s I think. As far as I can remember it said something like that NASA were concerned about the safety of astronauts going to the moon and that the only useful predictive tool they had found was planetary alignments. I did a search of NASA site for planetary alignments and sunspots ... http://www.google.co.nz/search?q=pla...ite%3Anasa.gov There you will find two places that say ... http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=330 which says: Quote:
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I am wanting to make a post that has tables of planetary information formatted sensibly. Is there any information on how to do that in this forum? Is there a command like the html preformat option? I have tried to use blank spaces and courier font to get things lined up but it supresses the spaces.
Note added later: Someone has told me that the use of the code instruction works, so I have now posted the relevant material with tables. Last edited by rtomes; 14-April-2008 at 08:55 AM.. Reason: found answer in questions section |
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The calculations performed were to determine the position of the
planets at regular intervals in three dimensions, with respect to the solar equator. The gravitational forces of each planet were then calculated, allowing for their masses, distances and directions. Then in the resulting force all but the N-S component were discarded as the other components tend to cancel out within one solar rotation. This N-S component is an acceleration of the solar interior relative to the exterior, and the direction is north or south in the sun. It is necessary to integrate the acceleration over time to obtain a velocity, and then integrate this over time to get a displacement of matter. The planets that dominate the different components are different. Venus and the Earth have significant accelerations, but because of their short periods they do not build up, but instead reverse. Uranus and Neptune have very small accelerations, but because of their very long periods they result in significant displacements of matter. In the resulting displacement of solar matter, the important planets in order are J, S, N, U. (See Table 3) It is worth noting here that as far as accelerations go (which may or may not be important) the formula is I*M/D^2 while for the resulting displacements the formula is I*M*P^2/D^2 where M=Mass, P=Period and D=Distance and I=inclination to the sun. But (as Kepler showed) P^2 is proportional to D^3 and so the result may be expressed as I*M*D. For the four major planets, all the I's are within 10% of 6 degrees, and so the result is approximately proportional to M*D which is the same formula used by COM adherents! However, only the component of COM which is at right angles to the line of the nodes is important, the component in the direction of the nodes is not (all the nodes of the major planets orbits are within 10 degrees of longitude 245 of the sun's equator). Note: The COM (Centre of Mass) hypothesis states that the motion of the sun about the COM of the solar system somehow has an effect on the sun. There has been no meaningful mechanism proposed for it to work. The other alternative previously proposed has been tidal forces, but although there is a mechanism, the effects are too small. The displacements caused by the planets in the sun were calculated for the years 1600-2000 and the absolute values (that is with the sign disregarded) were analysed for cycles. The resulting spectrum shows many peaks related to various planetary combinations. These are most easily understood as combinations of the planets frequencies ( which are just the inverse of the periods), and the frequencies are then found to be simple combinations such as J+S, J-S, J+N, J-N, J+U, J-U. These have periods of 8.46, 19.86, 11.07, 12.78, 10.40 and 13.81 respectively. Jupiter's period of 11.86 years also appears, but is less important than the combinations. When 264 years of sunspot numbers were analysed, the following periods were found in order of importance :- 11.07, 10.01, 10.53, 12.09, 9.51, 8.53, 12.93, 13.95. Other researchers have generally reported periods of 11.1, 9.9 and 11.8 years and sometimes 8.5. It seems that on the whole the sunspot periods are a close match to the solar displacement periods due to planetary action. The 10.01/9.9 year sunspot period is probably related to half the J-S period which is 9.93. There is no matching period to the 9.51 year sunspot period, but a possible explanation will be given later. The amplitudes of the periods in the sunspots are different to those in the solar displacement periods. The 11.07, 10.40 and 9.93 year periods are strong in the sunspots while the 12.78, 13.81 and 8.46 year periods are less strong. By comparing the amplitudes in each, it can be seen that the sun has resonance with periods near about 10.5 years, but much less so with periods above 12 or below 9 years. This is a classic example of a system with a natural resonant period. Table 1 below shows the main periods compared, and the relative amplitudes for sunspots/displacement. These are then graphed in figure 2 below (not shown here - will try to produce this later), and the resonance period is shown quite clearly. Table 1 Comparison of periods found in the calculated solar displacement caused by the planets with the average planetary periods and with periods found in the sunspot cycle. Also shown are the amplitudes of the cycles in the solar displacement and in the sunspots, and the ratio between these. The ratios indicate that the sun has a resonance with a period of about 10.5 years. Code:
Solar Displacement Planetary Combination Sunspots Amplitude
Ratio
Period Amplitude Planets Period Period Amplitude
(years) (years) (years)
13.89 0.7 J-U 13.812 13.95 0.12 0.17
12.80 1.1 J-N 12.782 12.93 0.17 0.15
11.87 0.3 J 11.862 12.09 0.27 -
11.06 1.2 J+N 11.066 11.07 0.51 0.43
10.39 0.8 J+U 10.395 10.51 0.37 0.46
9.96 0.3 (J-S)/2 ? 9.93 10.01 0.50
9.51 0.25
8.92 0.15
8.46 1.5 J+S 8.457 8.53 0.19 0.13
8.18 0.11
It is worth mentioning that the main sunspot cycle period which is 11.076+-.009 years, based on an analysis of Schove's maxima dates for over 2000 years, is very close to the 11.066 year J+N period. It was an unfortunate coincidence (the solar system is full of them) that there is a J-V-E period of 11.068 years (or really 22.135 years) that might confuse the issue. It is worthwhile explaining the meaning of the 11.066 Jupiter+Neptune period, and why it is the dominant cycle. In terms of their effect on the sun, Saturn should rank ahead of Neptune, but Saturn's periods in relation to the other planets are not generally near the "natural" solar period. Neptune remains above the Sun's equator for 82.4 years and then below for 82.4 years. When Neptune is above, then Jupiter above the equator causes a sunspot maximum, and when Neptune is below then Jupiter below causes a maximum. This means that every 164.8 years there is one extra sunspot cycle than the number of times Jupiter goes around the sun. Actually the timing of the solar interior displacement is 180 degrees out of phase with the above description for each planet, but the description is otherwise correct. The timing of the actual peaks in the sunspot cycle do not match those in the planets displacement of the solar interior. This is to be expected with the discovery of resonance, which means that in effect the sun has a memory, and that different cycles will have different lag periods according to their distance from the resonant period. Building a model of this is required, and this is really a job for a solar physicist. Some attempts at a crude model have achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.66 with the sunspot cycle, but it is difficult to get a match in the phase variations and the amplitude variations simultaneously. A successful model incorporating resonance will no doubt be able to explain the Maunder minimum when the sunspot cycle almost stopped. Clearly what must happen is that the planetary forces get badly out of phase with the sunspot cycle and reduce its amplitude -- a bit like pushing a swing at the wrong time will slow it down. Table 3 Comparison of the relevant planetary attributes. The Acceleration is calculated as M*sin(I)/D^2 and the Displacement as M*sin(I)*P^2/D^2 (which is equivalent to M*sin(I)*D or very like COM). Note that the inclinations are to the solar equator, and that the periods quoted are relative to the nodes of the orbit with the solar equator, and so are a little different to normal. Code:
Planet Mass Distance Period Inclination Acceler. Displacement
M D P I
Mercury 0.056 0.387 0.2408522 3.18 0.021 0.0012
Venus 0.826 0.723 0.6152078 3.75 0.10 0.039
Earth 1.012 1.000 1.0000417 7.14 0.13 0.13
Mars 0.108 1.524 1.880885 5.51 0.0045 0.016
Jupiter 318.4 5.203 11.86233 6.00 1.228 172.9
Saturn 95.2 9.538 29.4568 5.45 0.099 86.2
Uranus 14.6 19.182 84.016 6.36 0.0044 31.1
Neptune 17.3 30.06 164.802 6.36 0.0021 57.6
Pluto has been omitted as its mass is small. The Earth's mass includes the moon. Because of the time element of building up a displacement from a velocity, it turns out that distant objects such as nearby stars and the galactic plane generally and the galactic centre have significant effects on the solar displacement also. As it happens, there is a lopsidedness of matter in the southern sky, which means that a long term average heat flow will be biased in the direction of the sun's south pole (not in the direction of the stars or galaxy). Over very long periods, the sun moves up and down through the galactic plane. This would cause major heat flow variations in the sun with reversals about every 30 million years. It is possible that this is another link in the chain of events leading to the major extinction events. |
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You have agreed that there is a general double bending effect of horizontal radiation under GR. Do you agree that due to interaction between radiation and matter in the Sun's core, this will cause a differential acceleration in the core to what is happening on the surface? (This depends on understanding that the solar core has a much larger proportion of energy or mass in radiation than the surface does). |
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Have you even estimated what the GR influence of Jupiter is on a particle inside of the Sun, apart from saying that it is twice the classical value? Now suddenly it is the core - mantle system creating a differential rotation. How do you get this, write down an equation of motion of the particles and/or the photons. I have no idea what kind of interaction of photons and matter you mean here. Do you mean photons being absorbed and reemitted? Or do you meat Compton scattering of the photons off the electrons? or or or or Words are nice, but like I say, start at the beginning, and say what you want to do.
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Any comments in glorious red are to be considered in ModeratorMode. 善數, 不用籌策 (shàn shù, bù yòng chóu cè) He who is good at counting, uses no counting tools “A good scientist has freed himself of concepts and keeps his mind open to what is” 道德經, 二十七 (dào dé jīng, 27) |
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I think it is time you show some real equations, not some handwaving arguments and made up stuff I M / D2 naturally has something to do with a gravitational force G M m / r2 but how and what about the inclination remains a mystery. If the rotation around the sun averages out, then why does the N-S motion not average out, because the motion of the planet can be split up into an ellips in the equatorial plane and an ellips in the perpendicular plane. There are several papers discussing the effects on the sun of the planets and the motion around the barycenter or COM, just take a look at de Jager and Versteegh and at Shirley.
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Any comments in glorious red are to be considered in ModeratorMode. 善數, 不用籌策 (shàn shù, bù yòng chóu cè) He who is good at counting, uses no counting tools “A good scientist has freed himself of concepts and keeps his mind open to what is” 道德經, 二十七 (dào dé jīng, 27) |
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Apparent Relations Between Solar Activity and Solar Tides Caused by the Planets
Ching-Cheh Hung, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=330 |
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This is somewhat like tidal effects where the rate of fall varies over the extent of a body, except that tidal effects create a stretching in one direction and a squeezing at all directions at right angles to that. Whereas this effect creates a displacement of the interior relative tothe surface, leading (in combination with rotation) to a slight convection current with a toriodal shape. Additionally, tidal effects are dependent on M/R^3 whereas this effect is dependent on M/R^2. So you are right that tidal effects are tiny for the galaxy. However this effect also depends on T^2 and for the galaxy (where we remain N and S of the plane for 30 million years at a time) this becomes quite huge. Last edited by rtomes; 15-April-2008 at 02:38 AM.. Reason: extra paragraph |
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http://www.springerlink.com/content/f546880v4q757702/ Quote:
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It is most easily understood to consider what would happen to a contained collection of photons that were freely able to move relative to the Sun (i.e. that were not interacting with matter billions of times per second). Such radiation would move in an orbit twice as large as the present solar orbit about the baucentre. That is, the motion would be over millions of kilometers extra to what the Sun itself moves. From that point, to get to what actually happens there are two things that need to be understood. 1. The component not in the N-S direction is cancelled by solar rotation. That leaves only about 10% of the motion. 2. The radiation and matter in the Sun are constantly interchnaging momentum, so that it is the mixture of the two that will do something. The proportions of the mixture are different at the surface to the core. The proportion of radiation at the surface is extremely small compared to the core. Please see the thread http://www.bautforum.com/questions-a...s-surface.html for some background concerning this. An estimate of the proportion of the Sun's mass that is radiation is made. In addition, if the relativistic component of teh Sun's mass also contributes to this doubling effect (as Birkhoff states it does and I have no reason to believe otherwise) then in that thread it is explained that the relativistic proportion of the solar core matter component is actually much greater than the radiation component. So the effect will be several orders of magnitude greater. Quote:
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Let me summarize what has been stated:
A. Previously a number of proposals have been made to explain periods found in the sunspots that relate to planetary motions and alignments. This is a new proposal different from tidal or COM motion. B. This proposal depends on the fact that horizontal light is bent twice as much by gravity in GR than in Newtonian physics. This means that a mixture of matter and contained radiation falls at a different rate to pure non-relativistic matter. C. I think that the relativistic component of the mass of matter also has this doubling factor, but that is not perfectly clear. The only direct statements on this are by Birkhoff from the 1920s. D. Because the solar interior has a larger proportion of radiation (and relativistic mass content) it is more strongly affected than the surface where there is a much smaller proportion. E. The acceleration on the Solar core tries to move the core relative to the surface. This results in a convection pattern which has a toroidal structure. F. Because of solar rotation, the acceleration component in the plane of the Solar equator is cancelled out over a solar rotation. This leaves only the N-S component. G. The direct calculation of the planetary forces and the observed sunspot numbers are not strongly correlated. However Fourier analysis shows they have common cycles periods present. The cycles due to pairs of gas giant planets (which have the largest expected effect) having alignments show that the nearer the period is to 10.5 years, the stronger the amplitude in the sunspots is compared to the amplitude in the planetary forces. H. If an additional assumption is made that there is some natural resonance of the Sun at 10.5 years, then the planetary forces can be used to calculate the sunspot cycle with a correlation of r = 0.66 over a few centuries. The fact that a final result is achieved that is this good indicates that the whole method and logic are essentially sound. |
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![]() This diagram shows the observed amplitude of sunpot periods relative to the preicted ones by the forces calculated from this GR effect. The amplitudes make sense if there is a solar resonance with period 10.5 years. |
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2. If you back-extrapolate, will this predict the Maunder minimum? |
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Then the calculation does not fit the sunspot very well in comparison.
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It is possible to see how this model would explain the Maunder minimum, but I have not actually run it for that period. It actually would need a reasonable amount of earlier data to prove that because the resonance has got a "memory" with a half life of about 70 years. That means that you need information from about 1500 onwards to test this thoroughly. Last edited by rtomes; 15-April-2008 at 05:35 AM.. Reason: typo |
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Apparent Relations Between Solar Activity and Solar Tides Caused by the Planets Ching-Cheh Hung, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=330 |
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~GMd/R3 where d is the distance over which they are being observed. In this case d would be of the order of the solar diameter, so that when you plug all the numbers in it becomes truly tiny. I shan't quote the line from Hitchikers Guide to the Galaxy... ![]() |
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There are a series of articles by Mario Nanni in Apeiron Journal on the dependance of weight on height and composition. This might conceivably be connected to the matters raised in this thread. One such paper:
http://redshift.vif.com/JournalFiles...F/V07N3nan.PDF |
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Originally I did the calculations for this GR effect on internal radiation (and possibly also relativistic matter content) for the Sun. However there is no reason that such effects cannot also be calculated for the planets. There are two main differences for the planets from the Sun:
1. The proportion of internal radiation is far less. However planets do have hot interiors compared to their surfaces, so there is an imbalance of radiant energy (and relativistic matter energy) between their cores and surface. 2. The planets orbits are elliptical and generally tilted relative to each other and their polar axes are tilted. Therefore planets have a much more imbalanced experience with regard to other planets being N and S of their equators. The outer planets especially experience much larger shifts in other bodies in the solar system going N and S of their equators. In particular, Uranus has a very highly tilted axis so that it experiences all the planets and the Sun going far N and S of its equator. The increased effect of 2 will only partially offset the the reduced effect of 1 on the planets. Therefore we can expect the magnetic reversals of planets to be slower than in the Sun with its huge radiation content. For the accelerations to accumulate to significant levels requires imbalanced forces over much longer periods of time, and this is not achieved by simply orbiting with a tilted axis which averages out to zero over a single orbit. However an elliptical orbit means that longer periods are spent at one part than at another, and that effect may accumulate over a long period because these very small accelerations only slowly build to modest velocities and even more slowly to significant displacements of material. Such effects depend on the planets having fluid interiors. The planetary orbits elliptical axes slowly rotate in space as does the direction of the spin axis (precession of the equinoxes) and thetilts of the orbits and the rotation axes also vary. This compex set of movements must all be integrated over long periods of time to solve for the GR effects on planets magnetic fields if it is true that this is the origin of or partial explanation of reversing magnetic fields. Generally it is stated that there is no periodicity in the Earth's magnetic field reversals. However this should be taken to mean that they are not regular. There are in fact periods present in the Earth's magnetic field strength that do affect reversals. The most obvious of these is 1.11 million years and it can be seen clearly over the last 30 million years where there is good data. Additionally a 9 million year period seems likely from the last 80 million years data. See the following graph of magnetic reversals on which I have marked these two periods: ![]() Some support for my hypothesis is found from the fact that a period of 1.11 million years is present in solar system dynamics. I have seen this reported as an energy exchange between Jupiter and Neptune and is the longest solar system cycle that I know of. It is quite likely that the Earth is also affected by that cycle but I have no direct information on that. The following information might be useful in finding out about long term solar system cycles that affect orbital dynamics and could explain magnetic field reversals in the planets: Quote:
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Ray,
1. Are you suggesting that the sunspot cycle is a function of the vertical axis of the solar system? 2. Do you think the horizontal axes of the solar system (as integrated in the centre of mass) could have any bearing on the sunspot cycle? 3. Could you explain, for those like me whose knowledge of GR is limited, what is meant by the relativistic matter of the sun and how it is measured? Thanks Robert |
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Hi Robert
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Normally the alignments of the 4 gas giants have been taken as important, but in this case it is the N-S motion. These two are highly correlated because the 4 orbits are in a similar plane. However there will be some slight differences in timing. Quote:
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M_r = M / (1 - v^2/c^2)^(1/2) When I say the relativistic mass content, I mean the difference between these two. At the higher temperatures near the solar core, not only is there more radiation but also the matter is in faster relative motion so the relativistic mass content increases in two ways. There is some difficulty with this concept, because as we look at smaller and smaller components of matter it does seem that more and more of the mass is actually relativistic as things keep getting made of smaller things in motion. Quote:
Ray Last edited by rtomes; 17-April-2008 at 10:18 PM.. Reason: change M-r to M_r to reduce confusion |
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Sorry, you have give some handwaving arguments and lots of zeros.
I have seen no real math from you. You seem to be thinking that the influence of Jupiter (classical or relativistically) on particles in the sun is significant, but you have not even taken into account all other forces that are working in the Sun. Yes, you may say that "that is not what I am looking at, I am looking at relativistic stuff," but all the same ALL forces are working and you will need to take them ALL into account. But, I don't think you will come up with anything real here, just correlations, handwaving etc. Like the force of Jupiter off equator, your diagram. Sure, if you would look at one rotation of the Sun, in the end the net force will be poleward, but that is for a couple of day. You then totally ignore how much this acceleration is (no value given) and how much the displacement. At the same time, however, Jupiter is moving too, and your beloved correlation between the sunspot cycle and Jupiters orbital period means that Jupiter will be in the north and in the south, and over one rotation of Jupiter the net result will be zero, just like the effect in the equatorial plane for one Solar rotation. So, like I said, start at the beginning, and write down the equations. Don't forget that the Sun is not a static ball of gas, but has various zones, and the zone that you should be mainly interested in is the convection zone, where the magnetic field is generated. There your puny Jupiter force needs to compete with the convective forces.
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Any comments in glorious red are to be considered in ModeratorMode. 善數, 不用籌策 (shàn shù, bù yòng chóu cè) He who is good at counting, uses no counting tools “A good scientist has freed himself of concepts and keeps his mind open to what is” 道德經, 二十七 (dào dé jīng, 27) |
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Last edited by Robert Tulip; 19-April-2008 at 05:10 AM.. Reason: remove url http://www.bautforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=7674&d=1208572323 |
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