ATM is a much needed forum. Most other places on the web are opposed to new ideas. The establishment physics police insist on conformity to the current dogma. The idea that The Big bang and Expanding Universe is incorrect is anathema.

Enough on why ATM is a good thing. There is a short coming on ATM. It is probably hard to explain a really revolutionary idea in a page or two. Another shortcoming is that the Thread Approach privatizes ideas, where physics is a public subject. However, ATM is the best available in that people here are questioning and generally well informed.

Redshift is the key concept underlying the idea of the Big Bang and the Expanding Universe. A little background is necessary. Newton created modern physics with his theory of gravity, the idea that every bit of matter attracts every other bit of matter. On the face of it this would lead one to forecast the coming together of all of matter.

Einstein, when he developed Relativity Theory, recognized this gravitational collapse. He also so no evidence of the collapse, so here the theory called for collapse, the observations didn't show it. Einstein created the "cosmological constant", to counter the collapse. He later dropped the cosmological constant.

Later, observational physicists, discovered the redshift and came to the conclusion, that not only was there no gravitational collapse, there was Expansion! Edwin Hubble corelated the redshift data and distance data and the expansion became the current dogma. The dogma of expansion has become the test of whether one is a scientist or not. The redshift is seen in light spectra and the shift is the pattern of an atomic spectra toward the red end of the spectrum. The redshift z, is defined as the change in wavelength divided by the unshifted wavelength, z=delta wavelength/wavelength=v/c.

Surprisingly, Edwin Hubble did not believe in the expansion idea. He said the redshift was a "hitherto unknown principle of nature." Observational physicists could measure the redshift with ease and they ran with the ball and the expansion dogma. Why could that be? The problem was that the theorists had no good derivation of the redshift. Thats where it now stands.

My interest came about not from a fascination with redshift. I was interested in Maxwell's Equations and electromagnetism. I researched the origins of the equations and discovered something. The mathematics of physics is out of date or defective. To cut to the chase, Einstein in his Relativity Theory introduced the idea that the universe is four dimensional. Minkowski and others jumped on this idea and introduced the imaginary into mainstream physics. As an electrical engineer, the imaginary was a standard part of our field. While it is still not clear the imaginary shows up in Einstein's Interval:

Interval I = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - (ct)^2 OR I=(ct)^2 - (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)
as spacetime is space oriented or time oriented.

In searching Maxwell's Equations, I ran across William Rowan Hamilton's Quaternions. Quaternions consist of a real number and three vector numbers, thus a four dimensional space and mathematical division algebra. Why was this not being used in physics? The answer is instructive and maybe important.

Maxwell was introduced to quaternions as a way to mathematize Faraday's "Lines of Force". These forces had directions and Hamilton's Vectors were directional. This made them very attractive for the new field of electricity with their directional fields. There was a problem however. The problem was Hamilton's Rules for vectors i,j,k: i^2 = j^2 =k^2 = - 1. This minus one was disliked by maxwell and other physicists. They said, if I drop a ball there is a displacement in the direction of the force (gravity) there should be a positive energy, yet Hamilton's quaternions gives a negative energy! It is still the rule in physics that a displacement in the direction of the force is still called energy. The reason is that around 1900, Oliver Heaviside and J, Willard Gibbs listened to the physicists and developed vector Analysis where the Rule is: i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = +1. Here is a case where The mathematics was compromised to satisfy physics dogma. What Hamilton's mathematics was saying is that when a displacement is in the direction of the force, there is EXERGY not ENERGY. This is easily seen with thought. Exergy is the root for exercise, ex-ergs = out ergs! Energy is en-erg = in ergs! Physically, Hamilton's mathematics accurately describes the physics of the situation. The minus sign in the vector product indicates explosion and the plus sign indicates implosion. In 1900, Gibbs Vectors displaced quaternions in text books and quaternions were forgotten effectively. Gibbs Vectors are the standard in today's physics with i^2=1.

When I found quaternions I looked for areas where they would be used and found few, mostly in video games for rotations. Space orbit operations also use them. Medical uses in artificial limbs also use them, but by and large they are forgotten. I finally found a case where they are the difference, Gravity Theory!

Newton,s Theory of Gravity is based on real numbers E= -mMG/R=-mu/R. Einstein in his Relativity Theory followed Newton in keeping a real Energy.
I noticed that there was no vector energy. I added a vector energy to convert Gravity Energy E to a quaternion energy E= -mu/R + mcv and created a Quaternion Theory of Gravity.

Hamilton when he invented quaternions, created the idea of vectors and the idea of a vector derivative, Del = id/dx + jd/dy = kd/dz. I noticed this and decided to create a quaternion derivative X=d/dR + Del=d/cdt + Del.

The Quaternion Theory of Gravity needs two things, quaternion numbers and quaternion derivatives. This we have and can develop the Quaternion Theory of Gravity and clear up the issue redshift.

Before we start, lets do a thought experiment to understand the mathematics of redshift. Consider yourself standing near a railroad track and a train is coming from afar on your left. The train is far off and the angle between you and the train is a very small angle. As the train approaches you on the left the frequency you hear is higher than the train whistle frequency. As the train gets closer, the frequency you hear is closer to the train whistle frequency, and the angle gets larger. When the train is right in front of you, the frequency you hear is identical to the train whistle frequency and the angle is 90 degrees. As the train passes you the angle is still large but less than 90 degrees and the frequency you hear is lower than the frequency of the train whistle frequency. As the train gets far away on the right the frequency gets lower and the angle gets smaller again. This is the physical background for the Quaternion mathematics.

The abstract of The Quaternion Theory of Gravity is that there is Conservation of Gravitational Energy. As a consequence the sum of the central forces is zero and the sum of the directional forces is zero. Here is this mathematically. Conservation means the first derivative of energy is zero.

Force is the first derivative energy:
Force F=XE = (d/dR + Del)(-mu/R + mcv)

F = m(u/R^2 - cDel.v) + m(dcv/dR + cDelxv + Del(-u/R))

F = m(g - cDel.v) + m(cdv/dR + cv/R sin(rv) + g r/R)

F= m(v^2/R - cv/R cos(rv)) + m( dcv/cdt + cv/R sin(rv) + gr/R)

This is the quaternion derivative of the Energy. Lets discuss each term.

The first term, v^2/R = GM/R^2 is the gravitational centripetal(center seeking) acceleration.

The second term, -cDel.v= -cV/R cos(rv) is the centrifugal acceleration caused by the gravitational velocity v=sqrt(GM/R). Note that v is gravity generated. This centrifugal acceleration or force is in effect the cosmological "constant", that balances the gravitational centripetal forces. The negative sign is the result of the direction of the velocity. The divergence, Del.v = -v/Rcos(rv) is negative when the direction is outward, indicating a redshift. The divergence is positive when the velocity is inward indicating a blue shift. The divergence is zero when the velocity is perpendicular, not inward or outward, not approaching or receding. Now you see the importance of Hamilton's Rules, in indicating direction. If we used Gibbs vector rules redshift would be blue shift.

The sum of the centripetal acceleration and the centrifugal (center fleeing) acceleration gives zero acceleration at equilibrium. This equilibrium condition is the same as the boundary condition or the limit condition or the continuity condition all of these terms indicate the same thing, the extremum condition. Here we refine the redshift in the real equation of equilibrium:
(The sum of the vector forces is also zero and is the basis of Newton's For every action thee is an equal and opossite reaction. However, the vector equilibrium condition is not a player in redshift and will not be discussed here further).

0=g - cDel.v

g=cDel.v

v^2/R = cv/R cos(rv)

v/c=cos(rv)

Here you see that v/c the, the cosine of the angle(rv) between the radius vector and the velocity v; redshift z=v/c is specifically the cos(rv).

Quaternion Physics provides the derivation of the redshift and explains its importance in cosmology. Notice that at v=c, the redshift is 1=v/c=c/c. At redshift equal 1, the angle is zero, meaning that the direction of the velocity is radial to the center of gravity. Notice that when the redshift is zero, the angle is 90 degrees or the cosine is zero. This is not possible except at velocity equal zero. This requires v=sqrt(GM/R)=0 is only true at zero mass or infinite separation.

The other point is that the redshift indicates equilibrium or conservation of energy. The redshift relationship v/c=z is not true unless g=cDel.v.

Quantum redshift is the same quaternion story except the real energy is electrical rather than gravitational: E= -e^2/4pi eR + mcv

F=XE = (d/dR + Del)(-e^2/2piR + mcv)
F= (e^2/2pi eR^2 - cv/R cos(rv)) + (dmcv/dR + mcDelxv + Del (-e^2/4pi eR))

F=(e^2zc/4pi R^2 - mcv/r cos(rv)) + (mcdv/dR + mccv/R sin(rv) + e^2zcr/4pi R^2)

Again setting the force to zero at equilibrium gives for the real part:
e^2zc/4pi R^2 = mcv/R cos(rv) This gives the following

e^2zc/4pi R = nhc cos(rv)/2pi R
e^2z/2nh =cos(rv)

This gives Fine structure Constant alpha=e^2z/2nh=cos(rv) !

The Fine Structure Constant is seen to be e^2z/2nh=7.2E-3/n =cos(rv).
The quantized redshift is the same cos(rv) and is related to the Fine Structure Constant. The electrical redshift is larger than the gravitational redshift at the sun at n under about 5; alpha= 7.2E-3 > sqrt(GM/Rc^2)=sqrt(2.1164E-6) at the sun.

In my work on Maxwell's Equations, I have discovered that Planck''s Constant is h=WC where W is the Quantum magnetic Charge and C is the quantum electric charge . W = 500 atto Webers(volt seconds) and C= 4/3 atto Coulombs. Maxwell's Ether is the frees space impedance z=W/C = 375 Ohms. Planck's Constant h=zC^2 = W/C C^2=WC= 2/3 k atto atto Joules seconds. The Fine Structure constant is e^2z/2zC^2n=(e/C)^2/2n

This is a long post and there is more to say about it. The Universe is very interesting and there is lots to find. I think Quaternion Physics is the new frontier.

Again it a good thing to have a place to challenge to mainstream physics.

Quaternion Gravity Theory has made known, Hubble's "hitherto unknown principle", redshift !


For ATM is the best.

It wasn't collapse that worried him. It was the absence of a static solution, i.e. the universe must be contracting or expanding, that he found to be problematic. This was particularly worrying because the mainstream view at the time was that the universe was in a steady state. If you consider the history in a little more depth, you will find that Friedmann derived the general properties of a homogeneous, isotropic universe in the early 1920s. It was noted that in the absence of a cosmological constant, the solution was not static. In 1929 Edwin Hubble formulated Hubble's Law, relating redshift to distance from the Earth. Needless to say that this relationship is exactly what was predicted by what later became known as the FLRW solution to the equations of GR.

Not true. It is quite consistent with the FLRW solution, though there now appears to be evidence of a non-zero cosmological constant.

Last August there was a thread by Doug Sweetser; "Causality and the Quaternion Derivative":

Causality and the Quaternion Derivative

It was a fairly lively thread and worth reading.

Jim

I'm not sure I totally understand, but it would appear that at some point, past zero, gravity should become repulsive rather than attractive, if it is to follow Maxwell's equations. Is this not so? And if it is so, and we know gravity is never repulsive, how does The Quaternion Theory of Gravity overcome this problem? Just curious is all.

__________________
Credibility is simply incredible... sometimes even to me.
disclaimer

i² = -1

__________________
A third rate theory forbids
A second rate theory explains after the fact
A first rate theory predicts...A. Lomonosov

Yup, I saw that in yawyaw's OP here: So gravity must become 'explosion' per this minus sign? Doesn't work right, unless 'infalling' for gravitational force is replaced with 'push gravity'. But there is no real justification for this, as had been ATM'ed in the past. Push gravity runs into trouble eventually, if I remember all those posts. Pull gravity is what we actually experience, and our physics on that is pretty well proven with space probes making it to their destinations, not to mention space-time curvature of GR.

I don't think distant red shift at cosmological distances can be explained this easily, though I am personally of the opinion such red shift may be from other than Doppler space-expansion, so am open to suggestion.

__________________
Credibility is simply incredible... sometimes even to me.
disclaimer

How does your "vector energy" compare to the energy-momentum 4-vector that is regularly used in SR & GR?

And now for an obvious question. It is not sufficient for a new theory to explain a single phenomena, such as the cosmological red-shift. If you have a new theory of gravitation then it should also explain:
1) The behaviour of the perihelion of Mercury,
2) Gravitational red-shift
3) Gravitational lensing, and the gravitational deflection of light by the Sun,

as well as the more usual gravitational effects.

Does your model do this?

Please, spare us the usual excuse ATM proponents use to justify their failures.


You should try and read some scientific papers.


The ATM forum is also publicly visible.


The redshift-distance relation (Hubble's law) is one of the observations.


Galileo Galilei described the method at the basis of modern science. The method is what distinguishes science from pseudo-science.


Hubble's law is an established observation, not a dogma.


No, the method is the test whether one is a scientist or a crackpot.


I am curious to know what mathematics of physics you have studied....


There is no imaginary in that interval, only squares of real numbers. Maybe you are just imagining it...


The answer is that four-vectors are more intuitive and give just as much information as quaternions. And they fit nicely into the whole formalism developed for theoretical physics.


Provide the evidence that something has been compromised.


I always ask quaternion fans to show us that quaternions work better than four-vectors.
Considering that you see an imaginary in the very real Einstein interval you quoted, I won't hold my breath.

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"Why waste time learning, when ignorance is instantaneous?" - Hobbes (Calvin and Hobbes)

"It's all about context!" - Vince Noir (The Mighty Boosh)

"I've never heard of such a brutal and shocking injustice that I cared so little about!" - Zapp Brannigan (Futurama)

Thanks for your questions. I don't know how far this Theory goes.

1) I have developed the orbit equation and get r=P(1 +ct/R)/(1 + ecos v)
where P=R(sin(rv))^2. This may or may not answer to Mercury's perihelion.

The vector equilibrium equation is 0=dcv/cdt + cDelxv t + ur/R3.

2 and 3) I think the Quaternion Theory handles the gravitational redshift and I am uninformed about gravitational lensing. On gravitational deflection by the sun, this Theory challenges Einstein's deflection. This theory clearly gives the deflection as cos(rv) = v/c=sqrt(GM/c^2R) = 1.457859E-3 giving a angle of 89degrees 54' 59.93". This gives a deflection angle of 5 arc minutes and 0.07 arc seconds. This is much larger than Einstein's 1.75' arc seconds.

This difference raises issues. The computation here is the redshift deflection caused by gravity changing the angle of the velocity away from the sun. Is Einstein's deflection changing the angle away or towards the sun, a blue shift? Einstein computes the angle by the tangent. The cosine is the redshift angle, so is Einstein's angle a redshift deflection?

Looking at Einstein's computation, the tangent is computed using the time across the diameter of the sun and the ratio of the deflection to the radius or half the denominator: Tan v =y/R=1/2gt^2/R should be the Tan. Einstein drops the 1/2 and doubles the time t=2R/c giving him a factor of 4 over what I think it should be and this accounts for the 1.75
instead of 0.44'. This gives Einstein a Tan= y/R=4GM/Rc^2=8.4656E-6. I think a case can be made for Tan=y/2R=GM/Rc^2=2.1164E-6 and angle 0.44'.

There also is the question of the direction of the deflection is it a redshift or blueshift, away from the sun or towards the sun. I welcome your comments about the tangent and whether it is a red or blue shift. My inclination is to go with Quaternion Gravity. Could there also be a defect in the observation of Einstein's deflection and does the observation show redshift or blueshift away or towards the sun.

Thanks again for your comments.

Your question on 4-vectors.
I am not familiar with 4 vectors. From wiki 4-vector:
inner product of u v=u0v0 -u1v1 -u2v2-u3v3 seems to be the same as the scalar product of quaternions.
In quaternions uv=u0v0 -u1v1 -u2v2 -u3v3 +u0(v1 + v2 + v3) + v0(u1 + u2 =u3) + (u1 + u2 +u3)x(v1 +v2 +v3) .

The rule for multiplying quaternions is
AB=(Ar +Av)(Br + Bv)=(ArBr -Av.Bv) + (ArBv + AvBr + AvxBv)

Where AvxBv = -BvxAv

For spacetime position p=r + ix + jy + kz where r=ct
p^2 = (r^2 -(x^2 + y^2 +z^2)) + 2r(ix + jy +kz)

pp* =r^2 + x^2 + y^2 + z^2 where p* = r-(ix + jy + kz)

Quaternions and 4-vectors seem similar but do 4-vector use Hamilton's
rules for i^2=j^2=k^2=ijk=-1?

Current measurements have verified GR to within about 2 percent of the 1.75 arc seconds. Your theory's prediction is outside of that uncertainty and hence, does not make an accurate prediction of the bending of light around the sun.

I was going to ask how exactly does your theory tie into SR and how exactly does your theory allow covariance in physical laws. But, since it's prediction is so far outside the actual observations, on the bending of light around the sun, it's pretty much useless anyway.

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I am proposing that gravitational energy E= -mu/R + mcv. The real energy is centripetal (center seeking) the vector energy mcv is centrifugal (center fleeing). Your comment makes the point that gravity is both attractive and repulsive. Newton and Einstein's real energy only model is only attractive and has no repulsive feature. However the redshift is evidence of the centrifugal force. The Universe is in equilibrium because of the balance of the centripetal and centrifugal forces of gravity. Gravity is the source of the velocity in mcv.

This is not a gravity problem. Gravity has two aspects the real and the vector. The real is attractive and the vector is 'repulsive".

Thanks for your comment.

General Relativity gives the correct rate for the anomalous shift of the perihelion of Mercury. If you have what you believe to be a theory of gravity, then you should try to calculate the value as predicted by your theory.
Given that your model does not fit observation, you have a bit of a problem. It probably means that your model is wrong.