Building Black Holes

Whilst I was writing this, a lot of concern followed the production of the Large Hadron Collider at Geneva, Switzerland. In fact, I was reading a lot of work by Dr. Walter Wagner and Dr. Paul Dixon, I even spoke to them a couple of times.

They personally had a problem with the energies being deployed at the Fermilab; as Dr. Dixon said:
‘’ The current energy levels at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory have been increased from 1.2 TeV to 33 TeV (trillion electron volts).

Clearly, this is enough energy to access those energies resident in de Sitter space thus producing a supernova. This is termed a Type Ia supernova and is used as a standard candle for distance estimates in observational astronomy.

Even though research is often risky this is an unacceptable risk since supernova production will destroy everthing out to a perimeter of some 50 light years.’’

Scary thought eh? I actually agreed with them on many things they had to say. I myself have a personal displeasure with these energies being used. I mean, we haven’t seen these forces since big bang…but this doesn’t seem to worry the majority of scientists. Now Prof. Hawking wants to create ‘mini black holes’ at the LHC, which is the largest and most powerful collider in the world being constructed at CERN. The collider itself was designed to be powerful enough to detect the so-far unseen Higgs Boson… which is basically the particle thought to give all other particles mass. It even generates mass for itself!

Originally though, the main task for increasing the energies used in labs today, was to unify the electromagnetic force with the weak force. But it hadn’t always been like this. During the 1950’s, it was generally considered that the weak and strong nuclear forces were not renormalizable… Strangely enough, if one wanted to renormalize the weak or strong forces, one had to make an infinite number of subtractions with an infinite amount of finite remainders. This was not good.

But an answer came about to solve the incongruity. Gerard t’ Hooft showed that the electromagnetic force and the weak force in a unified model was in fact renormalizable. In this theory, the Spin-1 electromagnetic quanta (the photon) was in fact followed by three other Spin-1 particles, the W+, W- and Z^0.

The unification of gravity with the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces have been neglected, partly due to the fact that gravity is so weak to experiment with. Also, because the energies required to unify gravity into the model go way higher than anything capable in today’s particle colliders.
The strong force will be unified one day with gravity I presume, when colliders are able to generate much more power – maybe even sooner than what I think. With the weak unification of electromagnetism, and renormalization working for the theory, scientists searched for similar ways to unify the strong force with the other forces. As we already know, the strong forces are actually carried by quarks (which are supertiny objects that come in two’s or three’s, and make up all of the fundamental matter) and a special type of energy called gluon plasma. The renormalization theory for quarks and gluons are called Quantum Chromodynamics.

100 GeV (which is a billion electron volts) is suffice in unifying the electromagnetic force with the weak force. But as I said, enormous numbers are in consideration when unifying all of this with the strong force. So… particle accelerators are being constructed with much more power than the last generation of accelerators, and this will continue. Of course, these energies are worrying for some physicists, as we have seen. And a lot of worry seems to be being generated from Prof. Hawkings vision to create black holes at CERN.

At E>M(Planck), we should be able to create black holes. It turns out, that gravity might become strong at about 1 TeV, and thus theory suggests that M(Planck) might also be of the same magnitude, which is reasonably small. If 1 TeV is the limit, then we might be able to create Black Holes with a mass of something like 5 TeV.

The reason why it is causing such a fuss right now, is because we know black holes to ‘’swallow’’ matter and energy. If one is created at the LHC, we might think that the mini black hole would eat the LHC first, then move towards the center of the Earth, and start eating away at the planets core. But Hawking says that this is not a problem. The mini black hole would be a tiny superhot and dense object that would radiate away its mass so quickly, it wouldn’t even have a chance to devour anything. Of course, many physicists are not convinced, and proclaim that Hawking Radiation is still only a theory.

Other scientists have asked the question of how Hawking Radiation is able to escape the strong spacetime curvature produced by the black hole, without the radiation simply falling back into the black hole. Either way, we simply do not know enough about black holes (I think), to go about meddling with these primordial forces. I dare say, by the time I get myself into gear and get this book published (possibly a very long while yet), they will have tested the theory, because scientists are just like that… maybe I’ll be surprised?
Black Holes have no upper limit. They can be as big as nature wishes. But the smallest black hole must be in accordance with the Planck Mass given as:

(hc/2piG) ½

Where h is Planck's Constant, c is the speed of light and G is the Gravitational Constant. Mini black holes seem to be the best chance for scientists. There is simply no way we could create a minimum sized hole with a mass of about 22 micrograms because we would need about 1016 TeV just to produce it, which is many magnitudes higher than we can produce today. A mini black hole would have a radius of about 2 x 10-19m – very small – with a very large temperature of 1.5 x 10^14 K, or about 25 billion times hotter than the Sun! Even the next future generators cooling down bosons into superfluidic states might be the next black hole factory making machines. This is because supercooled bosons become very dense… and in theory, you could form a black holes if you could reach a certain temperature. Maybe it might even be the LHC.

In the end, we are trying to reach temperatures that unify all of matter. If gravity becomes strong at 1TeV, then there is no reason why it shouldn’t be stronger at larger levels. I’ve always thought that something was to be seen between the strong force and the gravitational force. The strong force brings things together, and so does the gravitational force.

Like most particles, they contain a charge; either a positive charge or a negative charge, and as most people learn in their physics education, charges repel (+ +, or - -), and unlike charges attract (+ -). The strong force brings together like particles who are attracted to the given value at the time. We measure the strong force by giving it a value of 1, and has a range of 10-15, which is the diameter of a nucleus. It has a mass that equals zero and a spin that equals 1. The electromagnetic force has a value of 1/357 and has a range that is infinite, which also has a mass of zero and a spin of.

This is what governs the electron to possess a superfluous amount of energy that is infinite whenever it was being observed. The weak force has a strength of 10-6m and range that is 10-18m, which is approx 0.1 of the diameter of a proton. The mass of the weak force is between 10GeV and 100GeV; some think 80GeV and has a spin of 1. And Gravity, the weakest of all four forces, has a spin of 2, and has a strength of 6 x 10-44, and has a range, provided by Newton’s constant G that is infinite.

Subsurface Channels

Now, a strange subsurface tunnel can naturally form inside a black hole. These things where coined as ‘Wormholes’ by John Wheeler. These wormholes could be used to move into other times in the past t=0 or in the future t>1. They are traversable topological openings, so you could enter one end and come out the other, and vice versa… but first, what does physics have to say about other universes… Tunnel under spacetime, is the equivalent to moving at superluminal speeds, and yet it does not violate relativity, because it is the spacetime moving the observer.

As Dr. Kaku mentioned in his film, ‘Time,’’ you could take one end as far as you like, and even take it to a whopping gravitational body, like a quark star, or even a neutron star, and wait until it has been in the gravitational warps long enough, that it is now a year into the past. Theoretically, you could jump in one end, and come out the other end in the past or in the future. But the mouths of the wormholes have to be threaded with an antigravitational substance of dark matter, called exotic matter.

We haven’t found this hypothetical substance yet, but it is substances like this that could hold great technological advances. Things like ‘’tachyons’’ could be used as fuel, and dark matter making antigravitational ships. In fact, if physics has had it right all along, then this is the real future of mankind. It turns out that very very small amount of negative matter is created in the Casmir effect. But it is so small, nothing could be harvested.