Alright, here 'tis! This is just a couple of paragraphs from the huge thing, but I hope that it'll be helpful nevertheless.
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Since every composite elementary or subatomic particle known has an electric charge that corresponds to one of the three possible charge states (+, –, 0), this signifies that only two fundamental particles are required to explain the existence of all charged and neutral particles including all events of particle charge transformation.
A. One particle must have a constant whole positive electric charge of 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs, equal to the charge of the positron. This will be identified as the A-particle.
B. The second particle must have a constant whole negative electric charge of 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs, equal to the charge of the electron. This will be identified as the B-particle.
a. This will show that composite particles with positive electric charges are a result of one extra positive charge in composition relative to the total number of negative charges. Stated another way, the total of positive and negative charges in composition are in equal numbers except for the one extra positive electric charge that identifies the particle.
b. This will show that composite particles with negative charges are a result of one extra negative charge in composition relative to the total number of positive charges. Stated another way, the total of positive and negative charges in composition are in equal numbers except for the one extra negative electric charge that identifies the particle.
c. This will show that composite particles with neutral charges are a result of equal numbers of positive and negative charges in composition. Because the positive and negative charges are in equal numbers, this will neutralize the electric charge and the result is a neutral particle.
d. This conforms with all known research and data relating to any charged or neutral particle.
2. Since photons, elementary and subatomic particles exhibit both particle properties and wave properties, this signifies that a third fundamental particle must exist exhibiting both vibration, oscillation and some method of attraction to indivisible particles, small composite particles and mass, in general.
C. This third particle that must exist is required to be a vibrating particle with a net ‘0’ electric charge; however, as the evidence indicates, it must also exhibit some form of attraction through the electric charge or through some other force and must also exhibit a frequency of vibration within some system. These complicated requirements will make it difficult to identify such a particle; nevertheless, it will be found, and to remain consistent, it will be named the C-particle.
These are the requirements and at the same time, the clues that must help us to identify the actual fundamental particles. From these three particles, all forces including gravity, energy, and the structure, composition and the formation of rudimentary, elementary, sub-nuclear, and subatomic particles are explained.
D. However, the evidence shows that a fourth particle must exist; this very simple particle is the origin of the previous three, it well be named the D-particle.
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Properties of the A, B, C, and D particles:
1. The D-particle is defined as the fundamental point-like particle of energy having one GMU unit of mass. It is further defined as: Any particle of energy with one GMU unit of mass that has not as yet obtained one of the primary properties of spin (angular momentum) or vibration (at a frequency f ), or any particle of energy with one GMU that has lost its primary property of spin or vibration through some event is a fundamental D-particle. From this it is obvious that the ‘D’ does not spin or vibrate and therefore does not have electric charge in any form nor an associated field, nevertheless, it has other features that make it the origin of everything in the universe. The primary and secondary properties of the D-particle are:
a. It is a fundamental point-like unit of energy that provides a fundamental mass / energy constant of approximately 1.8926578 x 10-2 MeV/c2, where this figure is equal to one unit of fundamental mass described as a Geatron Mass Unit (GMU).
b. It occupies space and has volume.
c. It is indivisible and therefore it cannot be reduced or modified in mass or volume.
d. Since the D-particle is an indivisible fundamental unit of energy, this signifies that all interactions involving D’s must be, by definition, completely elastic, even though in some instances of collision, some kinetic energy is converted into particle rotation and in other instances it is converted into particle vibration. [2]
e. It has a linear momentum and velocity of ± c.
f. It is propelled by direct collision with other fundamental particles in motion (those having kinetic energy) or during violent nuclear events such as supernova.
g. It is not attracted nor repelled by electric, magnetic or gravitational forces or fields, where its trajectory and velocity remain constant and only deviate through direct collision.
h. However, such direct collisions with other A, B, C, or D particles will convert a ‘D’ into an A, B, or C particle. [3]
i. And, A, B, or C particles may revert back into D-particles through various events.
j. Since it has no electric, magnetic or gravitational force associated with it, the D-particle is and remains undetectable until an event will convert it into an A, B, or C particle state, where detection becomes remotely possible.
k. Since there is no known system that could restrict nor limit the velocity of a D-particle in any space or environment other than collision, the Geatron Model predicts a velocity potential greater than c.
l. D-particles will be found emerging (technology permitting) from a black hole, supernova, gamma ray burst, black hole nova or other violent nuclear events where a quantity of A, B, and C particles will loose their primary properties and revert into D’s. These common cosmic occurrences provide continuous supplies of high velocity (high-energy) D-particles that permeate space with a relative uniform density subject to the proximity or concentration of galaxy clusters.
m. Generally speaking, matter is invisible to D particles, subject only to direct collisions with other D’s or free-state A, B, and C particles and those in rudimentary, elementary or subatomic composition.
n. D-particles are continuously CONSERVED without regard to their particle state or velocity. However, theoretically, in some circumstances, a ‘D’ could give up all kinetic energy, where v = 0, through a series of minor collisions and come to rest relative to the motion of other particles and larger composite bodies and remain dormant (float in space) for extended periods until an event (explosion and, or collision) occurs that will send the ‘D’ into motion once more, where again, v = ± c.
o. If we can get it to spin or to vibrate, then anything and everything can be constructed?
Note: The listed mass and volume of the D-particle are estimates based upon the accuracy of the determined masses and volumes of the electron, proton, and other established elementary particles. If at some future date it is found that the determined masses and volumes of the electron, proton and other established elementary or subatomic particles are incorrect, then the mass and volume of the D-particle will be modified accordingly. However, any such modification to the ‘D’ will not damage nor invalidate the Geatron Model or any of its provisions or conclusions, as such a possibility was initially anticipated.
2. The model proves that only a single species of energy exists, which is the D-particle and its derivatives, the A, B, and C particles. The ‘D’ is identified as the fundamental form of energy.
3. D-particles convert into the other particle states through collision with other D’s or with A, B, or C particles as follows:
a. An extreme angular collision (an extreme off center or non-center-of-mass collision) between two D’s will produce two spinning A’s or two spinning B’s, depending upon whether it is a left or right sided collision. Two D’s involved in a right sided collision will become two A-particles and two D’s involved in a left sided collision will become two B-particles.
b. A narrow angle collision (an at or near center-of-mass collision) between two D’s will produce or convert the D’s into two vibrating C-particles.
4. The A-particle is defined as a fundamental point-like particle of energy that has previously acquired the property of spin-angular momentum with a specific spin-up direction of rotation about a fixed axis, where this specific direction of spin-angular momentum results in a secondary property of a positive electric charge. It is further defined as: Any particle of energy that carries an invariable positive electric charge and one GMU unit of mass is a fundamental A-particle. It is attracted, from a distance, to any particle that carries the opposite spin orientation or the negative electric charge, whether the charge is fixed or momentary. The spin was the result of the extreme angular collisions that occurred between two D-particles, resulting in their conversion into two A’s. The newly derived A-particle has spin-up that can be represented by a clock-wise direction of spin. The primary and secondary properties of the A-particle are:
a. It is a fundamental point-like unit of energy that provides a fundamental mass / energy constant of approximately 1.8926578 x 10-2 MeV/c2, where this figure is equal to one unit of fundamental mass described as a Geatron Mass Unit (GMU).
b. The primary property of the A-particle is Spin-Angular Momentum L = I w
Where: L = a body rotating about a fixed axis, I = the Moment of Inertia. w = Angular Velocity.
c. It has Rotational kinetic Energy.
d. It has Linear Kinetic Energy.
e. It has a fixed (invariable) positive electric charge that is intrinsic and equal to 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs that is equivalent to one fundamental unit of charge (this signifies one whole unit of electric charge).
f. It is attracted, from a distance, to any particle that carries the opposite spin orientation or the negative electric charge, whether the charge is fixed or momentary. Note: “momentary charge” refers only to the exhibit of a whole unit of charge over a short period of time (dx/dt) as opposed to a constant or fixed electric charge that is continuous over time.
g. Therefore, the A-particle is attracted to any unattached B-particle having a negative electric charge or to any unattached C-particle while it exhibits a momentary negative electric charge.
h. The A-particle repels every other A-particle or any unattached C-particle while it exhibits a momentary positive electric charge.
i. It is indivisible and therefore it cannot be reduced or modified in mass or volume.
j. Since the A-particle is an indivisible fundamental unit of energy, this signifies that all interactions involving A’s must be, by definition, completely elastic.
k. Certain extreme nuclear events as well as a variety of high and low energy angular collisions with other particles can result in the A-particle losing its primary property of Spin-Angular Momentum, thereby reverting back into a D-particle.
l. In addition to the Electric Force, other fundamental forces have influence upon it. All fundamental forces will be introduced at their appropriate places.
m. As the A-particle moves through a constant or momentary field of any other charged particle it generates both electric and magnetic fields.
5. The B-particle is identical to the A-particle in every respect, except that it has an opposite spin orientation resulting in an opposite or negative electric charge. All primary and secondary properties are identical to those listed for the A-particle with the exceptions noted. It is further defined as: Any particle of energy that carries an invariable negative electric charge and one GMU unit of mass is a fundamental B-particle. It is attracted, from a distance, to any particle that carries the opposite spin orientation or the positive electric charge, whether the charge is fixed or momentary. The newly derived B-particle has spin-down that can be represented by a counter clock-wise direction of spin. The primary and secondary properties for the B-particle are listed as follows:
a. It is a fundamental point-like unit of energy that provides a fundamental mass / energy constant of approximately 1.8926578 x 10-2 MeV/c2, where this figure is equal to one unit of fundamental mass described as a Geatron Mass Unit (GMU).
b. The primary property of the B-particle is Spin-Angular Momentum L = I w
Where: L = a body rotating about a fixed axis, I = the Moment of Inertia. w = Angular Velocity.
c. It has Rotational kinetic Energy.
d. It has Linear Kinetic Energy.
e. It has a fixed (invariable) negative electric charge that is intrinsic and equal to 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs that is equivalent to one fundamental unit of charge (this signifies one whole unit of electric charge).
f. It is attracted, from a distance, to any particle that carries the opposite spin orientation or the positive electric charge, whether the charge is fixed or momentary. Note: “momentary charge” refers only to the exhibit of a whole unit of charge over a short period of time (dx/dt) as opposed to a constant or fixed electric charge that is continuous over time.
g. Therefore, the B-particle is attracted to any unattached A-particle having a positive electric charge or to any unattached C-particle while it exhibits a momentary positive electric charge.
h. The B-particle repels every other B-particle or any unattached C-particle while it exhibits a momentary negative electric charge.
i. It is indivisible and therefore it cannot be reduced or modified in mass or volume.
j. Since the B-particle is an indivisible fundamental unit of energy, this signifies that all interactions involving B’s must be, by definition, completely elastic.
k. Certain extreme nuclear events as well as a variety of high and low energy angular collisions with other particles can result in the B-particle losing its primary property of Spin-Angular Momentum, thereby reverting back into a D-particle.
l. In addition to the Electric Force, other fundamental forces have influence upon it. All fundamental forces will be introduced at their appropriate places.
m. As the B-particle moves through a constant or momentary field of any other charged particle it generates both electric and magnetic fields.
6. Finally the most remarkable particle of the four fundamental particles can be discussed. It was previously identified as the C-particle. What makes it so astonishing is that its straightforward property of vibration or simple harmonic oscillation explains so many of the mysteries that have plagued scientists for so long and it is directly responsible for so many nuclear and cosmic events.
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The C-particle is defined as a fundamental point-like particle of energy that has previously acquired the property of internal vibration (simple harmonic oscillation). This intrinsic property is the result of a near or at center-of-mass collision at velocity v = c, between two D-particles of energy that subsequently converted into two C-particles. The vibration provides the C-particle with an intrinsic secondary property of alternating-transforming electric charge with the interval of transforming charge being equal to its preexisting frequency of vibration. This transforming charge system may sound confusing, but it is rather simple. The C-particle is further defined as: Any particle that vibrates with simple harmonic motion, carries an alternating-transforming electric charge and has one GMU unit of mass is a fundamental C-particle. The primary and secondary properties of the C-particle are:
a. The primary property of the C-particle is internal vibration; conceptually, it could be thought of as a vibrating jellied mass of energy that compresses to one side of an elongated hollow sphere, rebounds and then compresses to the other side of the sphere. Through each period (T ) of vibration, this particle of energy produces each of three electric charge states. For example, the charge begins at zero; as the mass moves from center position and compresses on the right side it switches on the positive electric charge (+); after the rebound while the mass is no longer under pressure the charge switches to zero (0) again, and as the mass compresses to the left side, the negative electric charge (-) is switched on, then rebounds to zero and then the cycle is repeated during the next period. This is called the momentary alternating-transforming electric charge (MATEC) cycle that switches through these states, T1 = (0, +, 0, –), T2 = (0, +, 0, –) etc. and the interval is equal to its current or preexisting frequency of vibration.
b. The particle’s net electric charge is ‘0’ because the net-zero charge occupies approximately half of the period, with each positive and negative electric charge exhibited momentarily and only once during each period. Thus, each positive and negative charge is exhibited only once during each period as a whole charge, but for a short duration of time. It exhibits both positive and negative Momentary Electric Charges over the course of one period (T ). These momentary electric charges are precisely equal to the particles’ frequency of vibration, where during each sinusoidal period both charges are exhibited with (0) in between the momentary charges.
c. Frequency of vibration is equal to the net internal force and the total net external forces applied to the particle while it was part of a bound state. An additional external net force that is applied to eject the particle from the previous bound state may influence its final frequency ( ff) of vibration.
d. While still in a bound state, the ‘C’ will vibrate relative to the total of its initial frequency (before entering the bound state) and the total net external forces acting upon the bound ‘C’.
e. Its frequency is variable and spans across the entire spectrum of energy levels from f = 1 Hz to f = 1022 Hz and higher, always relative to the net external forces acting upon it. At 1 Hz, the wavelength (l) is equal to l = c/f, then, l = 3.0 x 108 m. It should be noted that if its frequency has reduced to 0.0 Hz then the C-particle has reverted back into a ‘D’. Note: There is a relationship between the discrete energy level of certain photons and that of certain electrons. Due to this evidence, the ‘C’ particle’s frequency at certain energy levels may not vary continuously, but in integral multiples of relevant quantum. There are also many other possibilities that make this subject too complicated for this paper. It will be the subject of a dedicated writing sometime in the near future.
f. Because there is no known physical limitation to the highest possible frequency that a C-particle could vibrate at, this maximum frequency (fmax) is only limited by the maximum Net external forces that could be applied upon the ‘C’ while it is in a bound state or in some other confined status. The final frequency (ff) of the C-particle is proportional to the initial frequency (fi) and directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of qa and qb and inversely proportional to the square of the distance ( d2) between the confining particles and proportional to the Net external forces acting upon the rudimentary system while the ‘C’ is in that bound state. An increase in the force by a factor of two will decrease the distance between the confining particles and thereby decrease the space in which the ‘C’ may vibrate (or oscillate) by half, where this reduction of space induces a higher frequency of vibration by a factor of four.
g. It has a linear velocity of 3.0 x 108 m/s, equal to that of the A and B particles.
h. When the C-particle exhibits a momentary negative electric charge, it is attracted to any nearby A-particle and repels from any nearby ‘B’. When it exhibits a momentary positive electric charge, it is attracted to any B-particle and repels from any ‘A’.
i. When the C-particle exhibits a momentary zero (0) state, it is not attracted nor repelled by any particle nor does any other external force influence it.
j. When the C-particle exhibits a momentary negative electric charge, it is attracted to any C-particle that exhibits a positive charge and repels from any ‘C’ that exhibits a negative charge.
k. When the C-particle exhibits a momentary positive electric charge, it is attracted to any C-particle that exhibits a negative charge and repels from any ‘C’ that exhibits a positive charge.
l. As the C-particle moves through its electric charge cycle, it generates both electric fields and magnetic fields. The electric and magnetic fields are also generated as the C-particle moves through the constant or momentary field of any other charged particle.
m. Once the C-particle becomes bound within one of the many possible rudimentary units, immediately, it exhibits another intriguing secondary property; it begins to oscillate back and forth between the binding A and B particles. This will be described in detail as we proceed.
n. As previously stated, this is truly a remarkable particle when one considers its simple primary and secondary properties, yet these properties account for so many nuclear and cosmic phenomena and solve so many past problems, for example:
The similarities between Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law of Force between electric charges has intrigued scientists for more than two centuries. Both are inverse square laws, where one describes the force of gravitational attraction between two or more bodies with mass and the other describes the force of electric attraction (or repulsion) between two or more charged particles. Because of these similarities, physicists have always suspected that these laws may have a common origin, which was never identified. It is incredible to find that, for the very first time, the C-particle explains this relationship between these two very similar inverse-square laws through its own inverse-square law system. The inverse-square law described in 6.f. above is nearly identical to the previous two laws, however, the C-particle’s law, (describing the force relative to the particles’ final frequency) emanates from the fundamental nuclear level, rather than the subatomic level, making it the origin of both Newton’s and Coulomb’s Laws. For The Record: “The final frequency (ff) of the C-particle is proportional to the initial frequency (fi) and directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of qa and qb and inversely proportional to the square of the distance ( d2) between the confining particles and proportional to the Net external forces acting upon the rudimentary system while the ‘C’ is in that bound state.” Most readers including those with extensive backgrounds in physics will not recognize the significance of this C-particle Fundamental Force Law, which is identified as the C-Force.
Fg = G m1 m2 / r2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
FE = k q1 q2 / r2 Coulomb's Law of Force between charged particles
The equations derived from the Geatron Nuclear Model, particularly the two very important inverse-square laws, will be listed on a dedicated page and posted later.
We have disclosed an unprecedented insight into the primary and secondary properties of the three fundamental particles that exhibit the electric charge in various forms, with one having a constant positive charge, another having a constant negative charge and a third having a momentary alternating-transforming positive and negative charge where the period interval is equal to its frequency of vibration. These electric charges allow the three particles to interact with each other. A summery of their primary properties are as follows:
A-particle exhibits a constant positive electric charge.
B-particle exhibits a constant negative electric charge.
C-particle exhibits a momentary alternating-transforming electric charge of 0, +, 0, –, 0, +, 0, –, etc.
Note: The D-particle is not listed here because it does not interact through any force.
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