In the first few moments of the Universe, enormous amounts of both matter and antimatter were created, and then moments later combined and annihilated generating the energy that drove the expansion of the Universe. But for some reason, there was an infinitesimal amount more matter than antimatter. Everything that we see today was that tiny [...]

More...

Why "moments later"? Why not immediately, from the very start?
Why would the matter and antimatter hang out for a time before
annihilating each other?

-- Jeff, in Minneapolis

__________________
http://www.FreeMars.org/jeff/

"I find astronomy very interesting, but I wouldn't if I thought we
were just going to sit here and look." -- "Van Rijn"

"The other planets? Well, they just happen to be there, but the
point of rockets is to explore them!" -- Kai Yeves

Because they hadn't cooled enough to form particles at that point.

__________________
"If this were play'd upon a stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction."
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night
"The Mayan symbol for "book" looks a lot like a triple hamburger, but I've never seen them claiming it as proof the Mayans had Big Macs." - KaiYeves
"Distance doesn’t matter much in space, where if you just start a thing off with the right kind of shove, sooner or later it will get where you want it to go." -Frederik Pohl, Mining the Oort

Fraser. I would like to see a plot of the B/anti-B decay rates' discrepancies vs the 24 hour diurnal variation seen in the SNO solar neutrino results...which runs ~ 14%. A variation matching that oscillation would suggest that the rates might be closer/farther at aphelion and perihelion too. B meson decays, like any particle decay, are weak interactions, sensitive to ambient magnetic fields, and changing fluxes. pete

__________________
A third rate theory forbids.
A second rate theory explains after the fact.
A first rate theory predicts.
A. Lomonosov

The particles hadn't cooled enough to form particles?

If the particles were something before they became particles, we know
nothing about that state of matter.

-- Jeff, in Minneapolis

__________________
http://www.FreeMars.org/jeff/

"I find astronomy very interesting, but I wouldn't if I thought we
were just going to sit here and look." -- "Van Rijn"

"The other planets? Well, they just happen to be there, but the
point of rockets is to explore them!" -- Kai Yeves

Jeff. Agreed. The most fundamental question of all.... Why the matter universe exists at all??? We still know nothing about that state, but at least we keep making progress about learning about the relatively nearby universe.

__________________
A third rate theory forbids.
A second rate theory explains after the fact.
A first rate theory predicts.
A. Lomonosov

When the quantum fluctuation occurred in an unspecified domain (perhaps undefinable and unspecifiable in terms of today’s level of understanding since there was neither space nor time in which it could occur), an eruption of energy occurred in an unspecified state with all the currently identified forces inseparably bound in the grand unified force. Thus the energy that “decayed” into the various forms and states by which it is recognized today would have been in a somewhat different state (or states). It seems to be widely accepted that a foundational property of this “event” was the initiation of the evolution of space and time (or spacetime, if you prefer). As the aging of the spawn of this quantum fluctuation of some unspecifiable medium in some unspecifiable domain progressed, it appeared to have properties that generated limits on energy densities which were accommodated by rates of expansion of space over time and possessed the capability in a quantum-like manifestation that allowed the original energy to suffer symmetry breaking. Thus first the gravitational force separated from the GUF at T0 + 10^-43 seconds followed by the other forces at later times.

At the first breaking of symmetry, quark and electron classes of objects and their anti-matter counterparts were precipitated out of the “primordial” energy and were continually annihilating each other with the higher order particles prevented from forming by the intense temperature of the period. This environment rapidly became photonic in nature as the rate of expansion tended to seek equilibrium commensurate with the temperature and energy density allowed by the geometric properties of space. As space grew in size, thermodynamic cooling allowed matter to form in an ionic state. Having posited that there was no space prior to the quantum fluctuation, it seems reasonable to assume that space was initiated at little, if any, more than a vanishingly small volume of no greater than (containable within) a Euclidean sphere of Planck radius. It seems reasonable to assume that the energy density within this sphere was at the maximum allowed by the intrinsic properties of this Euclidean space and was forced to expand by the large amount of energy being provided into this space by the progenitor quantum fluctuation. The time rate of increase of this volume and its energy content would have been controlled by and exerted control on the nature of this primordial time.

Sometime later (around T0 + 10^-35 ++ seconds) the expansion (inflation) had proceeded sufficiently to accommodate the energy density requirements imposed on the early universe such that the rate of expansion slowed to allow the radius of the universe to increase at less than light speed. A reasonable assumption is that, measured with today’s rulers, the radius of the universe was several light years in magnitude thus forever separating many parts of the universe from many others in terms of mutual information transfer. The quantum fluctuation that initiated this whole thing was of sufficient duration to continue adding mass by crinkling space in ways exactly appropriate to the particle being added.

If the foregoing is an approximately accurate description of mainstream thinking about big bang initiation, do the laws of physics permit the partitioning and orientation, however unlikely, of the primordial electric and magnetic fields associated with the particles and antiparticles that are continually forming and annihilating such that matter and antimatter would separate and remain separated over distances that would prevent their mutual annihilation and allow volumes of antimatter to remain in place in the current era? If so, would the CP anomaly be explained?

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

Gourdhead. I'm glad you used the words ...unspecified domain...and unspecified state. That makes sense, that we can't make sense of it. When Einstein reformulated Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle to Delta T * Delta E > than or = to h/2 pi....it referred to the mass/energy fluctuation that existed "Cinderella-like" to a given mass....say a proton, or a neutron. Since you are positing this mechanism..(quote."quantum fluctuations" end quote) as the mechanism whereby the entire universe was created, it would require that in order to create the first matter this way.....that you already had some. Last I knew this type of argument was called "begging the question"...by making the presumption that you are already inherently correct. The data from all particle physics experiments shows a perfect symmetry in matter antimatter creation, with no material excess....leaving us still at a loss to explain the very existence of the universe. I can only say that the popular physics cosmology texts which suggest that there was a miraculous condition there which allowed a never-to-be-seen-again-asymmetry, border on religious fervor..(which is banned in these astronomy forums)...and certainly from the perspective of one who listens to hundreds of particle physicists speak...ATM hypothesizing. Pete.

__________________
A third rate theory forbids.
A second rate theory explains after the fact.
A first rate theory predicts.
A. Lomonosov

I was trying to put into my own words what I thought was main stream thinking on the initiation of the big bang, and it looks like you think I failed to capture the main stream concept. I am not astonished at this since I struggle to grasp what those who know are thinking. I agree that a quantum fluctuation occurring in a domain where there is neither space nor time seems a lot like "it was void and without form and....fiat lux.

If what the universe has become was initiated in the state of photonic energy over a very broad band of the electromagnetic spectrum (or a single photon of sufficient energy that it could decay into all that now is in the physical [more than observable] universe) at a temperature commensurate with that energy density, the earlier instances of decay should have generated particles and their anti-matter counterparts with masses on the order of supergroups of galaxies. After very short intervals of time (tens of planck times ??), these should have selfmodulated themselves into the lower energy levels via repeatedly cascading into "gamma" wave to particle pair formation back to gammas..... cycles (perhaps leaving a few cosmic superstrings in "the dust") thus lowering the temperature as the geometry of the universe grew with charge parity being preserved at every stage of the cascades. Note that the phase relationships of the various photon formation levels and their cross-modulation products are being avoided since I suspect a complexity far beyond my coping level. This process continues until we arrive at the current particle zoo in which, if CP preservation is an inviolate axiom of physics, I insist that there should be an equal number of matter and anti-matter particles for which there is no observational evidence. This indicates very faulty thinking on my part---so where have I gone wrong?

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

Your thinking that there should be a baryon for every anti-baryon is absolutely correct when your primal photon annihilates. And, your statement that there is no observational evidence for this to have happened is equally correct. Transient distant gamma sources of electron/positron annihilation seen cosmologically are easily explained by plumes of hot gas and radiation interacting briefly. They are not clear evidence of entire galaxies filled with antimatter, as the annihilation energies of proton/anti-proton and commensurate neutron/antineutron are not seen in cohort with them.....and they should be. pete

It remains an unexplained problem.

__________________
A third rate theory forbids.
A second rate theory explains after the fact.
A first rate theory predicts.
A. Lomonosov

Pete, Gourdhead,

I want to be certain that I understand what you are saying. Do you both
agree that the amount of ordinary matter and antimatter in the Universe
should be exactly equal, and there is no explanation for why we apparently
see only ordinary matter?

If so, that is heartening to me, because I have an ATM speculation which
posits that the ordinary matter and antimatter are still exactly equal, and
were separated from each other early in the universal expansion. The
mechanism of separation requires that the supposedly "broken" symmetries
between the two are not broken at all. It also appears to require that the
photon is not its own antiparticle. So I hypothesize a major difference
between ordinary photons and antiphotons, but I don't know what that
difference might be. I do have a rough idea what the observational
consequences must be. Gravitational lensing of antiphotons would look
completely different from gravitational lensing of ordinary photons, for
example. I do not have the math to calculate light paths, but my best
estimate is that gravitational lensing of antiphotons results in spreading
out of light, rather than concentration, making it much harder to see.

So an astronomical test of that hypothesis and my entire speculation
should be possible. I just don't have any idea of the magnitude of the
effects to look for.

A laboratory test is also possible. I have been waiting for CERN or
Los Alamos or somebody to do it for a couple of decades, now. They
keep promising, but it hasn't been done yet because it is so extremely
delicate: measurement of gravitational force on anti-hydrogen atoms.

-- Jeff, in Minneapolis

__________________
http://www.FreeMars.org/jeff/

"I find astronomy very interesting, but I wouldn't if I thought we
were just going to sit here and look." -- "Van Rijn"

"The other planets? Well, they just happen to be there, but the
point of rockets is to explore them!" -- Kai Yeves

I am more at struggling to understand "what could have gone on" and whether CP violation is a "hard axiom" or a function of energy density or some other "environmental condition". My guess is that there are structures and processes that we don't understand and may not yet have an inkling of much less have observed their effects. It seems likely that the universe somehow favors ordinary matter, and I'm trying to understand how this can be.

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

According to Our theory of Bhattacharya's Model of Universe- [Theory of Rupak Bhattacharya and Professor Pranab Bhattacharya], "......The Universe consists of now large masses of matter and antimatter organized into galaxies, stars, and planets. According to this view about construction of the universe, the matter and antimatter should co-exist at some early stage in the Big Bang. For it only if the temperature was high enough it should be possible for nucleons and anti nucleons to rub their shoulders with each other’s. Simple theory suggests that they should after ward annihilate each other’s with production of photons and neutrinos. To account a universe in which matter and anti matter were separated in separate galaxies it is therefore necessary to explain how such a separation could have taken place at very early stage in the development of primeval fire ball?
It is one of the most fundamental questions in cosmology. The question of existence of antimatter in significant quantities in the present universe. in our galaxy! The question of whether antimatter had an equal role with matter in making up galaxies? In a contemporary Para diagram of Grand Unified theories & Gauge Theories (String Theories) these questions are related to the questions of nature of charge, parity variations at high energy. The questions of separating matter and antimatter, proton and antiproton, helium and anti helium. The symmetry between matter and antimatter [ i.e baryon symmetry in the cosmology ] that was once observed at accelerator had forced many scientists and astrophysicist to think that there existed also a similar balance in the universe of matter and antimatter at most early phase of the universe. But we don’t see or don’t find antimatter in our observable universe. Our observable universe is made of matter only. Why? Antimatter annihilate with matter. If that was so, then there would not be any matter to make up galaxies, our observable universe. Was the matter and antimatter mixed together? Or was the matter and antimatter were in two separate compartments? If the later was true, then we must have another Universe. That universe was made of antimatter.(Authors Theory). However universe consisted of large mass of matter and antimatter- standard BigBang model says so. On this view, in authors opinion, is that matter and antimatter must co-existed all together at some early stage of Big Bang.? For it ,only when the temperature was high enough, it was possible for nucleons and anti nucleons, quarks and anti quarks to rub their shoulders with each others, and simple theory suggest that these rubbing resulted annihilation with production of photons and neutrinos. H. Alfeven etal ( Alfeven .H – Rev. Mod. Physics Vol37; P652; 1965) did bring out a mechanism which permitted region of matter and antimatter to co-exist together in our galaxy, even without appreciable mixing. Otherwise in early state of universe [when a homogeneous universe] there would have to be also a mechanism for separating matter and antimatter so that galaxies were formed in clusters. Then the big questions are 1) what was the mechanism for separation of matter and antimatter? 2) Where went the bulk of antimatter? 3) Does the antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies were capable of nuecleosynthesis? Does the antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies at all exists that Mr. Rupak Bhattacharjee suggested in his concept of anti Universe? 5) If at all exists what is the way of communication from our universe made of matter to a Universe made of antimatter?Pranab Kumar- Does the universe contain also anti galaxies- a myth or a reality? Space Light Vol 4 P7-13; 1998). Defining a region of mass MR as a typical unit of matter and antimatter According to the conventional Big Bang model of the universe, there were small excess of baryon particles (~1 in 109) over the anti particles in the early stage of evolution of universe. At that time the thermal energy “KT” exceeded the rest energy mpc2 of baryon particles. It was to the excess amount of KT, for that we see the present existence of matter in the universe. So as the thermal energy dropped bellow mc2, the baryons and anti baryons started annihilated and there leaving just excess of baryons intact. Let us consider a model of universe that was initially filled up with the thermal radiations. Its expansion was described by the scale factor R (t) which behaved approximately like t -1/2 while the temperature varied likeR-1. For the early stage of the universe, the effect of space curvature was negligible. It was known in the history of such a model, the model can be divided in to several periods according to content of thermal radiation. The Hadronic (KT≥100mev), Leptonic (KT≥ 1mev) and Radiative (KT≥300K). Super imposed on division, on evolution of baryons, we have to consider also other periods. The separation period (KT≥350Mev), annihilation period (KT≥25Kev) and coalescence period (T>300K). There was some interest in 1970s regarding the existence of the antimatter in the universe. Stiegman. G in 1969 ( Stiegman. G. – Nature Vol224; P447; 1969) showed that if the space time were filled with equal mixture of matter and antimatter then gamma ray flux that resulted from nucleon and anti nucleon annihilation would be far above the observed limit. But there were much possibilities that matter and antimatter existed quite separately in large regions consisting solely of one charecteristic type, perhaps in the form of galaxies and anti galaxies (Bhattacharjee Rupak and Bhattacharya separation, one can assume that a process probably existed in the early Big Bang model. This process could however separated matter and antimatter into contiguous regions at some early epoch of Big Bang. We can also assume that the regions remain separated until and after decoupling would prevent collision between them, owing to the effect of radiation. After decoupling, the material contained in several such regions started to collapse and coalesce. The collapse and coalescence led to an annihilation of particles from regions to anti regions. The rate at which coalescence occurred, depended on the scale of density fluctuation. Defining a blob of mass MB, as the largest commonly occurring density fluctuation, existing at decompleing, we know from galaxy forming theory that the minimum mass of the blob was ~107MO jeans mass. It is also well known that any gravitational bound group of blob will eventually undergo collapse. But due to the expansion of the universe, the collapse would not proceed rapidly until the density contracted. The collision cross section for blob contained in such group became very high once collapse set in. So if both matter and antimatter were present in early universe, one must expect a considerable amount of annihilation to occur at the time of collapse. SO There must be a separation period for matter and antimatter. In the separation period the particles and antiparticles [Quarks and antiquarks/ R particles and Anti R particles/ Neutrinos and anti neutrinos/ Gluons and antigluons] separated spatially as a consequence of their statistical repulsion. This was initially induced by fluctuation (Bhattacharjee Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar- Does universe contain antigalaxies – a myth or a reality? – Space Light Vol4; P7-13; 1998). One can compute the size as “δ,” as the individual condensation containing an excess of nucleon and anti- nucleon reached during 10-5 S of the period. The total baryonic number in that period was 1028. Near the end of separation period the universe was filled up with emulsion of nucleons and anti nucleons with a topical size δ=3x10-4c.m. The next came annihilation period. When temperature fell bellow the critical temperature (T) the particles and antiparticles [quarks and anti quarks] started to annihilate. The annihilate process was then controlled by diffusion so that densities D and N (Nucleons) and N-(anti nucleons) satisfy the equation as given below
δΝ/δΤ=DV-2N-αN N-, δN-/δΤ=δV-N-αNN- (Bhattacharjee Rupak). At the end of this period a typical fraction of 10-8 or more nucleon survived. They were still in the form of emulsion with a typical size of 105cm and with a typical mass of 1010 gram( 100,000,000, kilogram) within a sphere of radius. This was however very far from a galactic mass. During annihilation the process first gave birth chiefly to pions and through their decay to high-energy photons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos successively. The transfer of momentum by photons and electrons produces an annihilation pressure at boundary between matter and antimatter. To find the behavior of matter and antimatter, which were probably in contact through a common boundary, the effect of high-energy photons and leptons was a dominant feature, because these particles exerted a very strong pressure and kept the heating system on. Radiative pressure was very dominant, so that pressure due to heating tended to balance annihilation. With the possible exception of cosmic gumma rays, observation yielded essentially no information on the relative amount of matter and antimatter beyond our solar system. What the observation told us was that matter and antimatter are rarely ,if ever found together. What was the mechanism that matter and antimatter were then separated?. Consider a gas of proton, antiproton, electron and positron, which is sufficiently diluted and then annihilation can not be neglected there. In general, such a gas will be situated in a magnetic field say “B” , in a Gravitational field say “G” and in a electromagnetic field of flux “F”. Each of the fields will then be assumed static and homogenious. In particular length scale for variation in “B” must be large enough that particle drifts arising from magnetic in homogenetics are also negligible. The protons and antiprotons will be much more strongly influnced by Gravitational field than by Radiation field. As well as spiraling around the magnetic line of forces the heavy particles will therefore have a drift velocity Vh= mPxgxB/qB2 ,where mP is the proton mass, q is the particle charge,.[Bhattacharjee Rupak & Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar – Does the Universe contain also anti galaxies- a myth or a reality- Space Light; Vol4 P7-13;1998] .Because of their small mass, and larger scattering cross section, the electrons and positrons will feel much weaker Gravitational force due to radiation pressure. It is however to be noted that just electric current through gas does not heavily result in seperation of charges, and the opposed drift of matter need not produce an actual matter- antimatter seperation. On the other hand , matter and antimatter in an isolated cloud or in extended medium, with an appropriate field configeration should achieve some degree of seperation. Because , proton and antiproton ,electron and positron fluxes will not be equal in general. There will be some seperation of charge leading to an electrical field “ E “ and ExB drift. As ExB drift increases, the heavy particles acquire an inertia which tends to remove the original difference between proton and antiproton and electron and positron fluxes. So the big question appeared before us What happened to these antimatter?. After the Plank epoch, when the age of the universe was t ≤10-43S and the temperature of the universe was T≥109Gev , we can be sure enough , that the interactions between the matter and the antimatter at their first quark level or Between R+/ R_[R particle level] became unimportant. This was because of that rate for gravitational interaction was much less then the expansion rate of the universe. Although the interactions between matter and antimatter particles kept each of them separately in a thermal equlibrium and thus probably Two world were created. These Two world did not feel each others existence at very microscopic level. During the primordial nucleosynthesis of the early universe, which started 1S after the initial Big Bang moment, the yield of the Big Bang depended on the expansion rate of the Universe. The expansion density PT= P+Ps by R0/R= [(δπGN/3)(P+Ps)]1/2 where P and Ps= density of matter and Antimatter, R= Cosmic scale factors. During this early epoch the universe was radiation dominated with P=g (π2/30)T4 where g counts the effective number of degrees of freedom particles (Rupak Bhattacharjee). The temperature of the particle world and that of anti particle world were not the same. The inflation occurred in the two worlds in both the sector but not necessarily simultaneously. The inflation involved was a random event in the nucleation of a bubble or in the formation of a fluctuation region. At the beginning of the inflation the universe was in false vacuum state for both the world. The bubble nucleated for one world, first say for antimatter world. As the bubble grew exponentially in physical size, both the temperature of matter and antimatter decreased exponentially. At this time the ratio of entropy remained constant. When the antiparticle vacuum energy was converted into radiation, the antiparticle temperature raised and entropy decreased. Eventually a bubble of fluctuation region formed for the matter world within the antimatter bubble. During the second phase of inflation, new bubble grew exponentially. When the vacuum energy of ordinary matter world converted into radiation, the temperature of particle world raised to a temperature, which was exponentially larger than the temperature of the antiparticle world. Thus the entropy was reduced further. To an exponentially small value and the matter dominated the visible universe. According to Big Bang model of Universe, there was small excess of matter then antimatter (~1 in 109) in the early stage of evolution, when the thermal energy KT exceeded the rest of energy mpc2. The baryons and anti baryons annihilated and then leaving just excess of baryon intact. From a fit of nucleon-nucleon scattering theory, the evidence of π, η7, ω, ρ, and mesons can divide the nucleon and anti nucleon scattering amplitude. There are bound states of nucleon and anti nucleon pairs, which can be identified with mesons π, ρ, ω, and η7. Such a situation in which some particles appear as bound states and act as agent for Special Forces. Dashen .R (Dashen. R Physics Review-Vol187; P345; 1969) summarized a basic formula relating to Gibb’s potential Ω to it’s value Ω0 for free particles and to collision matrix –
S Ω =Ω0 -KT/2π∫δEc-E/KT trace [clogs (E) ee-∑u1n1]. Analysis of this result drives a phase transition at a temperature of KT of the order of 350 Mev. Above this temperature, nucleon and anti nucleon tended to remain separately from each other’s.
Professor Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya
See E. Book "our Universe started in a Big Bang Gospel or Just Be?"
at web site
wwwunipathos.com

Please see the Thread " Antimatter &anti universe" by Pranab' also
Antimatter & Antiuniverse

Where does mass come from?

The supposed Big Bang has happened so 14 Billion years ago, the casual reader is told from the echelons of the academic establishment!
All the energy of the universe and everything, which now constitutes the cosmos and including space and time originated in this Big Bang, the pundits state and since spacetime itself was created then, a point of nothingness or a mathematical singularity began to expand outwards and filled the cocreated spacetime with matter and antimatter and the parameters of the physical sciences.

The dynamics for this cosmological expansion is found in the laws of thermodynamics, of kinetic energy and momentum conservation and the 'arrow of entropy'.
Basically, the Big Bang Cosmology describes a Planck Radiator as a 'Perfect Black Body' which in expanding, also cools down and in this process of Temperature dispersion, also gains in disorder or entropy.
The energy of the singularity so was extremely 'hot' and would be infinite for a true physical point-singularity in 0 dimensions; but would be very large, yet finite in a 'smearing out' or fuzziness or 'uncertainty fluctuation' about this 'Point-Space'.

Mathematical models, such as Quantum-Loop-Gravity, String-Theory or Quantum-Foam-Metrics then become ever more elaborate in complexities and technical detail to describe this Planckian Black Body in the metricated physicality of the reality of the material universe.
This universe is then observed and measured as such in quantities such as displacement or length, temporal time, mass and the postulated charges associated with mass to allow laws of attraction and repulsion to interact between constituents, such as atome, molecules, bodies, stars and galaxies.

When the phyicist, mathematician or researcher uses the formulations of the parameters, describing the basic physical quantities; certain paradoxes seem to emerge.

A major paradox relates the parameter of the 'lightest particle' which is conclusively measured by scientists - namely the electron.

Experiments clearly indicate, that the electron is a 'point-particle' of no or very limited apparent spacial extent (currently postulated to be of a radius smaller than about 10^-19 metres say). Yet the very successful theory of Quantum-Electro-Dynamics or QED, clearly indicates, that the 'preferred' scale of the electron's manifestation is a so called Classical Electron Radius (CER=Re). The entire dynamics of electron-photon interaction for example falls beautifully into place, if this CER permeates the physics from the subatomic realm of the Electron's Compton-Radius to the atomic realm of the Hydrogen Atom in the First Bohr Radius to the Ryberg Spectra, which then extend the basic hydrogenic proton to the higher elements.
I shall give those interrelated formulations later, but they all have a common factor in the Alpha-Finestructure Constant, which determines the interaction probability between mass and light (or electromagnetic radiotion in the form of photons).

So without further ado; the reason for this dilemma in regards to the 'size of the electron' is the gravity of the electron as a function of its mass and primordially the emergence of the electronmass from its stringed 'premass'.

We have encountered the PREMASS in the previous 'parent' essay on the Big Bang revisitation.
We have said there, that the notion of GRAVITATION manifests as the curvature of spacetime a la General Relativity as a third modulation; the second modulation being the introduction of MASS to cause this GRAVITATION, necessary in the first modulation of a LIMIT for the invariance of the lightpath as the unitary assumption for the entire cosmology.

The fourth modulation is however the cause of the CURVATURE from first principles, that is the topology for the universe without any mass. This becomes the Quantum Geometry of QR, which somehow relates to the Classical Geometry of GR by necessity.

And the details of this solve the 'Gravitational Electron' problem and with it the rest of the apparent cosmological paradoxes, known under labels such as the horizon-, the monopole-, the lambda-, and the 'you-name-it'-problem.

So the story in words is this.

The 'Point-Space' of the Null Dimension becomes 'fuzzy' or 'smeared out' in a Principle of Uncertainty (HUP after Werner Heisenberg).
How does this happen?
The HUP makes the abstract mathematics physical.
The universe is DEFINED in something including the 'Natural Laws', which is METAPHYSICAL and inclusive of whatever any or all mathematical formalisms can invent or discover or rediscover. A distinction between the latter is unnecessary, as the idea of chronological time of past, present and future emerges as a physical property and so is not causative of some other notion of time, which only requires a mathematical principality of ORDER.
A friend of mine, Carlos Pedro Gonsalves has written on this as a notion of before and after in regards to the selfsame quantum gravity, which I am expositing now.

So then the fuzzy singularity becomes physical and requires some rather peculiar properties to manifest the thermodynamic Big Bang in the Planck Black Body Radiator model.

If the universe has some required critical mass today to close it in a flat curvature; and as it is observed by the experiments; then all this mass must be in the 'fuzzy' singularity, which must be very very small by necessity of its own fuzziness and the HUP.

The universe so uses Nature's 'Big Trick'. This 'Big Trick' is called Modular Duality and this is not a new thing under the sun.
The basic mathematical principle can be seen in the physics of simple optics, in say the focalisation of images in convex and concave lenses and mirrors. Some images are real, others are virtual, some images are upright and others are inverted, such as in the retina in the eye. Those optics also apply to a 'Cosmological Principle of Holography' and this in modern terminology by renown physicists such as Leonard Susskind for example.

So the primal physical application of Modular Duality becomes that of relating the Mirror-Dimension of the 11D Hubble-Node to the 'fuzzy' Planck-Singularity.
The latter defines the smallest 'physicality' in a so called Planck-Length, a Planck-Time, a Planck-Temperature and a Planck-Energy and so on.

In particular we find here the PRECURSOR for our Planck Black Body Radiator in the so called Zero-Point-Enery of a minimum Quantum Energy Eigenstate EPlanck=hf/2 and where h is Planck's Constant and f stands for a physical parameter called frequency. Let us call this minimum ZPE-Energy Eigenstate, the Planck-Oscillator.

So our 'fuzzy' singularity becomes physical in a say, transformed Planck-Oscillator, then specifying entire spectra of energy eigenstates, such as in the formulasations in quantum mechanics and its 'wavefunctions'.

The Modular Duality as 'Nature's Mastertrick' now does the following.
The singularity - now finitised - becomes MODULAR DUALISTIC to its MIRROR singularity.
What is this mirrored singularity?

It is the LIMIT of our Hubble-Event-Horizon as the Hubble-Node, where we 'modularily dualise' a maximum mass with a minimum mass.

This minimum mass IS NOT the Planck-Mass, as the Planck-Mass is so 1.6x10^-8 kilograms and which is rather larger, than the mass of a subatomic particle say.

So one of the conundrums in modern physics is, how the Planck-Oscillator can represent the minimum eigenstate in mass.
It can do so in displacement, specifying the Planck-Length as so 2x10^-35 meters and as say the 'fuzzy realised' radius redefining the singularity of the 'Point-Space'.

The minimum mass is the mass of the electron at so 9x10^-31 kilograms however as the smallest known inertial mass known to physics.

{The neutrino masses are constituent of the electron mass in the tau generation in QR and so cannot be used as this minimum; and especially as QR predicts the electron- and muon neutrino generations to be massless as base neutrino classes}.

So the situation for the Planck-Oscillator becomes an expanding thermodynamic universe with a duality mapping between the mass total of the universe and the mass of a singular electron mapped onto the Hubble-Event-Horizon.


Using Special Relativity and the actual definitions for the electron's parameters, the details are derived in due course; but with the result described in a physics of Black Hole Cosmology.

The electron as a GRAVITATIONAL and NONINERTIAL RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON is the parent electron for the INERTIAL RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON of QED and the massparameters of the manifested Planck-Oscillator as the Planck-Black Body Radiator.

This gravitational electron has noninertial mass, meaning, that it is defined in a curvature scenario for the universe before the mass via m=E/c^2 manifested in even a single electron.

The Hubble-Radius defines a MOTHER-BLACK HOLE, which is 'collapsed' at the Planck-Oscillator singularity and which as such an extremal Black Hole forms a boundary or initial condition and does not Hawking radiate. It so serves as an invariant for the proceeding thermodynamic cosmic evolution.

Now because this Mother-BH is by definition a spherical boundary; set by a string-epoch in chronological time, which 'inflated' the Planck-Oscillator's Planck-Scale to the Hubble-Scale; it by the principle of modular duality must also define a particular Planck-Oscillator scale.

And that scale is the physics of the Gravitational Electron as a Planckian-String-BH with Schwarzschild Radius Ro say.

This then is the reason as to why the Planck-Oscillator can carry the entire mass of the universe required for its sperical closure at the 'smeared out' singularity.

Mathematically, the 'Point-Space' becomes physically 'real' as the Planck-String. The latter transforms into less energetic Planck-Strings with the effect of an increasing 'Planck-Length' and a decreasing Planck-Mass, because this displacement scale is defined in say the Compton Radius or de Broglie Radius of matter waves in QED and where mass m is inversely proportional to the wavelength (L) via m=h/Lc.

The 'Point-Space' is however completely defined and physicalised in terms of the lightpath x=ct, which became 'inflated' in a de Broglie phase transition defining the string epoch to be the mirrored 'Point-Space' as the Hubble-Event-Horizon.

So you the reader and the entire universe resides within a Mother-BH.

The crucial matter in this scenario is however the 'Size of the Electron'. How big is the gravitational electron?
It is the modular dual of the Mother-BH, which is closed with the mass total of the universe defining its parameters in the Schwarzschild metric.
The gravitational electron also has a Schwarzschild Radius and one which is vastly smaller than the Planck-Length in so 2.3x10^-57 meters. So all the physical models, which use the Planck-Length as a minimum for the physical spacetime metrics become inapplicable.

But here Mother Nature uses its modular trickery once again.

The gravitational electron becomes itself 'fuzzy' and 'smeared out' as the entire surface area of the Mother-BH and so never manifests as a physical inertial 'particle'. The gravitational electron itself becomes MASSLESS as an extremal Black Hole, also known as a 'Strominger Brane' in 11-dimensional brane theory.

But this of course, allows the modular duality to state the next 'strange' but absolutely necessary condition.

The Mother-BH is also MASSLESS as a Strominger-Brane and subject to evolution in any number of DAUGHTER-BHs, which are not boundary- or initial conditions and so subject to transformation in energy exchanges as in Hawking radiation.

And this is what we require; as we have said, that the mass total of the universe is situated at the singularity and yet is massless simultaneously.
The Black Hole Cosmology then crystallises the experimentally observed parameters in terms of cosmological redshift and the Einstein-Friedmann-Walker-de Maitre Cosmologies and the like; albeit inclusive of a demetrication for the scalefactors to allow the mass-independent definition for the overall cosmic topology to establish itself.

In particular the BH-Evolution becomes a function for the dimensionless cycletime or Now-Time for the lightpath intersection described in the parent paper on the Big Bang thought experiment.

The physics, will describe the harmonic, meaning equilibriumised emergence of more complex cosmic structures in the Planck Black Body Radiator filling the prespace created by the de Broglie wavematter inflation.

A first manifestation of the Mother-BH will occur 236.5 Million years into the cosmology; where at a redshift of z=7.477, a 'quasar-wall' is established.
This will instigate a significant phase transition in the first 'seeding' of the cosmos in homogenuity and isotropy; meaning things look and are the same in all directions, without 'irregularities' such as a star or a galaxy.

The Superclusters of galaxies will then specify the large scale geometry for the universe in the Sarkar-BH, which has precisely the mass required to seed the entire universe baryonically; meaning in terms of the protons and neutrons, which constitute the observed mass in the cosmologies.

A paradox in cosmology, namely how the observed superclusters could form so early in a young universe under their mutual gravity, so becomes elucidated as the coupling of the Sarkar-BH to sub-supercluster galactic evolution.

It will be shown, how a basic neutron mass then coupled to an EFFECTIVE and then inertial electronmass as a function of the Planck-Mass itself.
We will find a googol count of spacetime quanta, which are of course the Planck-Oscillators as the ZPE of the Standard Models.

Then the Sarkar-Mass will become defined in the subatomic parameters, showing how the quantum physics relates to the classical physics.

But this Sarkar-BH differs from the Mother-BH in that the Sarkar-BH is physically observable in the MANIFESTED mass (albeit with missing energy) of actual galactic superclusters.

The Mother-BH has no mass and also has the total mass required for its positive curvature and so cannot be observed from within. And as ANY observer is located cosmically at the singularity of the Mother-BH; any physical observer is in its cosmic womb, as yet 'unborn' (into the 12th dimension say).

We shall also derive the electron's inertial mass and revisit other cosmological scenarios as required.

To 'prove' all this mathematically, using the well-established and textbook available parameters; will be the next exercise.

Tony B.

There exists a most important issue in quantum mechanics, namely the stability of the electron and the nature of its mass. QED postulates the electron as a point-particle of a size smaller than 10^-18 metres; yet the extremely successful calculations in Quantum ElectroDynamics or QED are required to 'scale up' the electron to its 'classical' size of Re so 3x10^-15 metres.
Postulating a 'Dirac Sea' of 'virtual particles' within this classical electron radius, the electron should be unstable due to the repulsion of the 'virtual electrons' of that 'uncertainty soup'.

Re=ke²/mec²= Alpha.h/2πmec² (1)

and where kG=1 in modular duality as described elsewhere and k=1/4πεo and Alpha=2πke²/hc.

We begin in assigning the Planck-Oscillator as the Gravitational Electron Mass me as a noninertial string energy in terms of the electric permittivity εo.



EPlanck=½ hf=½mec²=Gme²/Ro (2)

and where Ro is the Schwarzschild Radius for the gravitational electron. We here see straight away, that combining (1) and (2) will define the electron's Schwarzschild Radius: Ro=2Gme²/c² and relate the CER to the latter in (3).

Ro/2Re=Gme²/ke²=G²me²/e² (3)

The unification condition kG=1 now requires a crucial identity for dimensional consistency between the Planck- or String parameters.
One knows, that the Newtonian Force-Law expression is dimensionally consistent with the Coulomb Force-Law expression (both measuring force units in Newtons); but that the 'charge e' in the Coulomb-Law becomes the 'mass m' in the Gravity-Law.
Using the kG=1 identity , it is easy to show, that the product of the Planck-Length and the Squareroot of Alpha becomes: √(Alpha).Planck-Length, defining the Planck-Length-Oscillation or PLO for the Planck-Oscillator:

PLO=√(Alpha).LPlanck=√(2πke²/hc).√(hG/2πc³)=e/c² (4)

So now we have a length dimension expressed in the 'Stoney-Unit' of the Coulombic Charge quantum and as related to the Planck-Units.
The PLO now allows a string definition for the Coulombic Charge quantum as:

Stringed Coulombic Charge Quantum:
e=PLO.c² (5)

The stringed Coulombic Charge quantum so MANIFESTS as a INERTIAL charge quantum in a mass parfametric universe. This can be ascertained in the nature of electromagnetic radiation or EMR.
EMR is generated by the acceleration of Coulombic charges; where these charges are however ALWAYS associated with inertia, that is INERTIAL MASS.
The stringed Coulombic charge quantum is NOT associated with Inertial Mass, but represents its parental GRAVITATIONAL MASS.
So it is here, that the Equivalence Principle of Albert Einstein originates between them as two energy EIGENSTATES. These two eigenstates can be said to connect the boson-string epoch for a massless cosmic inflation to the mass parametric and general relativistic inertial cosmology of the thermodynamic Planck Black Body universe.

So, the informed and inquisitive reader may ask a pertinent question.

If the string epoch couples to the electric fields in the Coulombic charge quantum and the physical universe defines the electric field in electromagnetism as an invariant coupling to a magnetic field; where then is the magnetic string coupling in regards to the string epoch?
The answer is straight forward. The magnetic string coupling is the PREMASS as the Gravitational Mass and precursive to the Inertial Mass in the Equivalence Principle of General Relativity.
This of course solves many conundrums in modern cosmology all at once. The absence of magnetic monopoles in isolation becomes the effect of inertial mass being coupled electrically and gravitational mass being coupled magnetically.
Then, as inertia of mass is fundamentally magnetic string energy and no antimass is required for the thermodynamic mass evolution; no magnetic monopoles are necessary to implement the dynamics for the latter.

But now the question arises, as how to define inertial mass magnetically through and by those 'absent' magnetic monopoles.

We require an ACCELERATION of MagnetoCharges to generate the 'parental EMR' and an EMR which we may term String-EMR or EMMR for ElectroMagneticMonopolic Radiation.
The way for EMR to become generated, is by angular acceleration of say inertial protons in nuclear fusion reactions, such as occurs in stars, say the sun.
The way EMMR is generated, is by angular acceleration of stringed bosonic protons in something related to stars in say massless protostars of a premassive or preinertial or stringed scenario of Planckioan energy, related to the energy of Black Holes.
This of course has been detailed many times in QR in the Ylemic NeutronStars, which mapped the primordial Beta-minus decay as the first implementation of the weak nuclear interaction in the first 1036 seconds or so of the cosmogenesis of the thermodynamic universe.
The ylemic protostars are defined in the modern scientific literature in terms of the Jeans Radius of gravitationally collapsing hydrogen clouds. The Jeans radius is much more fundamental in defining the ylemic protostars purely in terms of subatomic parameters; a stringed neutron mass (mc) and the CER.
The formulation describes the equilibrium between the gravitational inward pressure of contraction based on the nucleonic stringmass and the thermal outward pressure of expansion due to the thermodynamic temperature of the universe itself, albeit as modulated by the kinetic energy of Vortex-Potential-Energy or VPE, which reprents the ZPE of the Planck-Oscillator under self-transformation of the stringed energies.
The expression for the ylemic radius is:

Rylem = √(kT.Re³/Gmc²) (6)

The ylemic neutron stars are the parental neutron stars and describe the transition between neutron stars and Black Holes in the reversed sense as it is observed in the astrophysics of today.
Today, a limiting mass, called the Chandrasekhar Mass (MCH) defines 'electron degeneracy' in normally gravitating matter, which 'collapses' the atomic orbitals of electrons and so results in the electron degeneracy in the astrophysics of white dwarves.
The ylemic stars reverse this process in the astrophysics of nuclear stringed 'plasma' matter expanding to allow the electrons to define the atomic structure of hydrogen and the higher elements in the appropriate nucleosynthesis of the chemical elements.
Details are found in the library on the topics of Quantum Relativity and are discussed elsewhere. The important consequence of the ylems for the present derivation for the magnetic origin for all inertial mass are the subatomic string parameters of the Re scale as the interaction scale for the strong- and weak nuclear interactions in the Standard Model of Particle Physics with a nucleon string mass mc, which becomes defined in QR as a direct function of the Planck-Mass and the Alpha-Finestructures:

mc²=hc(Alpha)^18/2πG=mPlanck².(Alpha)^18 (7)

We so have a mapping for the Planck-Mass as a gravitational stringed mass onto a manifestation of the inertial and nonstringed mass equivalence.
A detailed analysis, shows then, that this nucleonic string mass represents a phase transition from a stringed mass originating in the inflationary string epoch. It is known in the modern literature as a Grand-Unification-Theoretical GUT-mass of the X-Boson. It can also be identified as a particular heterotic string class of a symmetry group HO(32) in M-braned string theory.

Now it is here, that we shall find the magnetic orgin for mass; as the parent of the X-String-Boson is the Magnetic Monopole String-Boson of GUT-Energy mm=2.7x10^16 GeV.
It's definition is decisive in QR in the generalisation of the kG=1 identity of the modular duality.

Using k=1/4πεo and a finestructure for the Maxwell Constant μo.εo =1/c²=(120π/c).(1/120πc) in incorporating the finestructure of free space impedance or resistance defines k=1/G=30c in string parametric terms.

Letting ke²=GM² for M²=k²e²=(30ec)² for the decisive monopolic source mass:

Mm=30[ec]=30mm (8)

In other words all inertial mass mi has a monopolic and gravitational mass mg equivalent which is of monopolic magnetic origin and can be expressed as a magnetocharge current which incorporates the displacement element in the form (Monopolic Current ef)x(Displacement λ)=Inertial Mass.
We now extend our mass generalisation even further in defining the following identity as the Gravitational Alpha Finestructure:
2πGMo²/hc =2πGmc²/hc.{E.mPlanck²/me²} (9)
and where E represents a googol (a number greater than 10^100) as a spacetime quanta counter; i.e. the number of Weyl-String Volumes at a particular chronologiocal n-time in the cosmology.
This 'special' time then defines the Sarkar-Black Hole to have the Schwarzschild metric:

Mo=RSarkarc²/2G=√(E){mPlanck.mc/me}
=√(E).{mPlanck²/me}.Alpha^9
=√(E).{mc²/me}/Alpha^9 (10)

Crystallising the basic fundamental nucleon/electron ratio mc/me, we so relate the BH-Cosmology of the massless gravitational universe to the inertially massive universe defined in the couplings between nucleons and electrons, ergo the Planck Black Body thermodynamic cosmology of the Standard Model.
But how do we define the monopolic mass equivalence in terms of the Coulombic charge quantum e?
We must derive a magneto charge quantum e*; which will be the modular dual for the Weyl-String Energy quantum: EWeyl=hfWeyl=mWeyl.c=kTWeyl as a transformed Planck-String after the end of the inflationary epoch and as the fundamental metric basis for the cosmology.
We so use the electromagnetic finestructure: Alpha=2πke²/hc = Ee²/Eo² to define a 'Charge-Seed' Eo to induct the Sarkarian Mass-Seedling Mo with its magneto charge equivalent Eo.
So the googol E becomes a higher dimensional 'Super-Alpha' as the ratio:
Alpha/Alpha*=(e²/Eo²)=Alpha/E and with
√(E)=(Mo.me/mc²)Alpha^9 from (10).
One can now predict the number of nucleons of the universe comprising the Sarkar metric in stating that (Mo/mc) nucleons will be the this number, say as the ylemic neutron VPE energy eigenstates.
As the charges must be doubled for a bifurcation into positive and negative inertia associated electric charges, say proton- and electron charges, in say the primordial ylemic neutron-mc weak interaction decay; the number of Coulombic charge quantums now must be:

2e((Mo/mc).{e/e*)=Eo (11)

It is now easy to derive the elementary definition for the Weyl-Loop Energy Eigenstate:

EWeyl=hfWeyl=mWeyl.c=kTWeyl =√2πGme²/4Alpha.e².hc}
=(me/mPlanck)(1/2e)/√Alpha=(me/2ke²)=1/2Rec²
={me/mc}{1/2e}√(Alpha^17)=1/e* (12)

This equation represents the unification equation for the entirety of physical science.

The Weyl-String eigenstate is the ZPE quantum inherent in spacetime itself. A Planckian Action Energy activates the ZPE or VPE eigenstate in transformation of the inherent magnetic monopolic string energy into a initial magneto charge current given in IWeyl=2efWeyl=2eEWeyl/h=2emWeyl.c²/h and where the Weylian mass quantum mWeyl=hfWeyl/c² becomes magneto current in modular duality of the Weyl-String in Planck-oscillation vibration to its winded string duality and as expressed in the heterotic superstring class HE(64)=HE(8x8). In QR the vibratory eigenstate is denoted as 'primary state' 'ps' and the winded state is denoted as its 'secondary' duality 'ss'.
Then, as the Weyl-mass quantum is a transformed Planck-mass of mWeyl=mps=2.22x10^-20 kg in QR; its winded string dual must become the absolute minimum frequency eigenstate for inertia as the 'inflation-defining' timeinstanton fss=3.33x10^-31 seconds.
All inertial mass so has this value as its intrinsic eigenfrequency and avoiding so any physical singularity calculations in accordance with the physical genesis of the Weyl-Loop.
All inertial mass also becomes quantised in the modular dual winded string mass-quantum:
mss=Ess/c² =hfss/c²=2.469..x10^-81 kg
This defines a low-frequency and winded magneto-electricity quantum in the form Iss=2efss as the quantisation for Coulombic flow of inertia associated electricity, in that a medium is required for the currents to flow.

We can now relate the Weyl-Eigenstate for the Planck-Oscillator to the Scale of the Electron in the CER using (12):

As Eps=(me/mPlanck)(1/2e)/√Alpha=1/2Rec²=1/e* , we are now we are able to finetune our Gravitational Electron in (2), (3) and (4) in a more precise definition:

EPlanck=½ hf=½ mec²=Gme²/Ro (2)

Ro/2Re=Gme²/ke²=G²me²/e² (3)

PLO = √(Alpha).LPlanck=√(2πke²/hc).√(hG/2πc³)=e/c² (4)

Ro/2Re=Gme²/ke²=G²me²/e²=LPlanck².Alpha/Re²=(2e/e*)² for the 12dimensional Energy Hamiltonian expression:

2Re.c²=e* <-> e=PLO.c² (13)

This becomes the mapping transformation of the magnetocharge e* and AS A MAGNETIC CHARGE from the 'higher' dimension as the CER in the 'lower dimension' and AS A DISPLACEMENT.
Modular Duality now reverses the process in mapping the ELECTRIC CHARGE from the 'lower' dimension as a now SUBPLANCKIAN DISPLACEMENT in the Planck-Length-Oscillation.
This last sentence describes the profundity of Quantum Relativity in terms of a new scientific understanding and the reformation and renewal of the paradigmatic standard models in both, the cosmology of the classical relativities and the cosmology of the quantum.
I'll end for now and attempt to share this in a readable manner with the forum member and whoever finds value in the self consistent and encompassing logos of QR.

Tony B.

Here is a completion of my work of sorts. It provides the groundwork for someone more adept than me in the ways of unifying various branches of theoretical physics.

The Equivalence Principle between inertial mass and gravitational mass is shown to derive from inertial mass being equivalent to a superconductive source current and as known in the data base as the impedance of free space.

Spacetime curvature in General Relativity is shown not to be truly elementary in terms of mass content or inertia; but to be inherent in the opening and closing of elementary supermembranes. It so must be derived from the inherent topology of spacetime and say related differential geometries.


What is truly fundamental, is the notion of supercharge as inverted energy. This is evidenced as the Colour-Charge or the gluon charge of the Standard Model in particle physics and unifies all of physics cosmologically in the quantum gravity manifesting as string transformations.



This supercharge is so not subject to experimental analysis as the well known Coulomb charge of electric fields.

It is more elementary, in describing the electric charges to have a higher dimensional progenitor in a magneto charge, which then hitherto manifests as the strong interaction in the nucleus in the quantum physics of the lower dimensions of the inertial parameters. In the higher dimensions, this colour-charge defines space and time in the invariance of the lightpath x=ct, where this 'linearised' time t is however coupled to a dimensionless cycle time n=Hot for dn/dt=Ho a nodal Hubble-Frequency; the latter being in modular duality or inversion properties relating the quantum geometry of the strings to the classical geometry of a curved spacetime containing mass.



The most basic physical principle so becomes rather simple.



The circular closing and opening of the smallest physical entities in the strings; is a simple holographic projection for this same opening and closing of a fractal universe defined in the metrics of Black Holes.



The elementary particles are stable in a fundamental fermionic quark-lepton hierarchy of a neutron as a boundary transformation from a supersymmetry, namely the bosonic manifestation of this fermionically bifurcated eigenstate as a dineutron or Higgs-Bosonic neutron. This dineutron or Higgs-Eigenstate derived from a massless string transformation and then allowed fermionic plasma to be born in a primordial neutron beta decay.



All protons and electrons in the universe derived from this process.



There never existed any antimatter to equilibriate the mass content of those dineutrons however. The parental string, known as the heterotic symmetry group 32, did not generate a matter-antimatter coupling in the X-Boson and the Anti-X-Boson; but it bifurcated into a leptonic ring-part and a quarkian kernel-part under the gravitational mass equivalent described in a flow of frequency as say a string current, which was by definition superconductive as no media for the manifestation of inertia yet existed.



The equivalence principle then 'seeded' the primordial universe with the bosonic dineutrons bifurcating into neutron couplings, which then beta decayed. This decay manifested the inertial properties of spacetime under the guidance of a 'seedling' mechanism related to the Black Hole metrics manifesting as hyperstrings and which mapped the ZPE=VPE as the vortices for potential string energies as a hybrid eigenstate between the fermions and the bosons in a supersymmetric coupling.



The original massless Higgs-Bosonic eigenstate became magnetocharge induced in a breaking of an even earlier supersymmetry; namely the supersymmetry between radiation and antiradiation in terms of chirally different gauge transformations and eigenstates.



This must prove definitive in any unifying cosmology. The noninertial cosmology of a massless universe can yet be gravitational in its inherent curvature of the quantum gravity of superstrings; whose energy will define the colour-charge as magnetic precursor for the electro charges measured in inertia physics.



The prior supersymmetry so will be spin- or chiral different; say in a definition for the EMMR (as magnetocharged EMR independent on the existence of mass) gauge as selfinteracting in two spin directions, say up and down or clockwise and anticlockwise.



This selfinteraction must be topologically multiconnected and allow a Moebian connectivity to selfenfold this differential geometry in a primal definition of multiconnected spacetime.



Because of this selfenfoldment then, the chiral orientations can manifest on a onesided surface or manifold and produce a dimensional divide, such as is used in this and related paper as 'higher' and 'lower'.



So the massless eigenstate can selfinteract and allow projection of two spin-different eigenstates, say the divided dimensionalities.



Here then, the colour charge manifests in a trisection for the enclosed area as a 'magneto-charge flux'; albeit in a 'colour mixing', which can be modelled on say 120 degree sectors of a circle. Introducing cyclicity in permutations, will now allow an additional sense of differentiation between the EMMR gauges.



In particular the Principle of Quantum Relativity will be introduced as the Self-Relativity of the multiconnected manifold flux for the colour charges.



Self-Relative to a Onesided manifold; a cyclic permutation RGB=GBR=BRG will provide a different colour-mixing, say (R+R)(G+G)(B+B) or (R+G=Y)(G+B=C)(B+R=M) or the cyclic permutation YCM=CMY=MYC; than a TwoSided manifold.

The doublesided surface will so define the 'dimensional' divide as the inside and the outside of say a 2-Sphere or 3-Ball embedded in 3-dimensional Riemann-Space R3.

This dimensional divide will then become geometrically equivalent to a 180 degree inversion of say the sinusoidal waveform.



So then the EMMR colour charge gauge defined in RGB now can redefine itself as say a Matter-Template YCM for a halfcycle of the aforesaid sinusoidal waveform, geometrically identical to 'half of the cipher 8 or the symbol for infinity). This blueprint for matter is bosonic and massless.



Completing the sinusoidasl waveform so defines a 'Point of Inflexion' where the gauge flips from one cyclicity to its anticycle and RGB becomes BGR and YCM becomes MCY.



So the Anti-EMMR gauge for bosonic AntiRadiation becomes BGR with definition of an AntiMatter-Template MCY, (Neutrinos will be BBGGRR and AntiNeutrinos RRGGBB in a later definition say).



This process can be easily ascertained to now iteratively repeat as the scenario of closed superstrings nonlinearly propagating themselves as those sinuisoidal geometrical waveforms in a coupling and flipping of EMMR+AntiEMMR->AntiEMMR+EMMR->EMMR+AntiEMMR->......



In terms of colour-mixing RGB+RGB in the onesidedness results in the colour charge transformations: YCM->MCY->YCM->.....



To 'Break the Symmetry'; the continuity of the inflexion points at 180-degree intervals must be broken.



Equivalent to an infinite computer-loop based on binary qubit eigenstates; one complete traversion of sinx-six=0 will suffice to manifest the bosonic matter-antimatter eigenstates in term of transmuted colour charges e*.



Those colour charges e* will in due course give rise to yet another eigenstate, namely the eigenstates embodied in the physical laws of Max Planck in E=hf and of Albert Einstein in E=mc^2.



The bosonic eigenstate will then assume the Planck-Law and the fermionic eigenstate will associate with the Einstein-Law.



The bosonic primordial string eigenstate is massless but becomes subject to inertia in a transformation of the colour charges from one dimension in to the other.



In particular, there are 8 permutative eigenstates for the gauge trisection in quantum geometry. Defining a 'pure' radiative eigenstate as W(hite) and a 'pure' inertial eigenstate as B(lack); gives 6 hybrid eigenstates as energy transitories between E=hf and E=mc^2.

For a matter (or antimatter) trisection this will be: WWW for the Planck-Law and transforming into the BBB for the Einstein-Law via hybrid states WWB and WBW and BWW and BBW and BWB and WBB.



For a matter-antimatter coupling, there will be four such eigen states in: WW and WB and BW and BB.

This scenario of course is manifested and observable in the decay of the higher energy 'particles' or 'wavelets' into their neutron-defined elementary eigenstates of string-bosonic origins.



But the Origin of Mass is yet in the making. The Radiation-AntiRadiation symmetry must be broken to allow the still MASSLESS Matter-AntiMatter 'Mirror-Symmetry' to become MASSINDUCED by the colour charge string transformation described in the above.



So after the completion of a single waveform; the AntiEMMR gauge DOES NOT INFLECT; but the EMMR gauge does.

So in Lucifer- or LasufeR-like fashion of RefusaL, the Supersymmetry between the gauges is broken in a Double-Up-Spin (say) now requiring renormalisation in the creation of the GRAVITON gauge.



Defining the EMMR gauge as RGB with up-spin will now define a SUPPRESSED AntiEMMR gauge as BGR with up-spin and a Graviton gauge as BGR with doubledown-spin.



The BGR gauge becomes suppressed, because now the onesidedness must become doublesided to harbour the new gauge definition in ENERGY and in SPIN.

The e* energy of the EMMR gauge is now mapped onto the e* energy of the Graviton gauge, rendering the energy of the AntiEMMR gauge superfluous in a 'transfer' or superposition of that energy e*.



A new cosmological scenario now eventuates in a gauge unification across dimensions, which seeks a new form of equilibrium.



The previous 0-spin or scalar nature of the Higgs-Boson now bifurcates into fermionic quantum spin eigenstates in inducing EITHER the Matter-template or the AntiMatter-template. This is decisive, as the SPIN of the EMMR-Antigauge is still required in the cosmology to conserve the quantum spin.



The suppression of the AntiRadiation so for one creates the Graviton and for two allows the Higgs-Bosonic Mastertemplate to become a universal inertial massinducer in a coupling to the new Graviton master gauge BGR of doubledown spin.



But what is the effect of choosing either the matter template or the antimatter template?



This is just the SUPERSYMMETRY between the EMMR-gauge and the Graviton-gauge in energy in that now the twosidedness will give a different colour-mixing, which describes the quark-antiquark or mesonic coupling in RGB+BGR=(R+B)(G+G)(B+R)=MGGM=CRRC=YBBY colour charge eigenstates from the permutative cyclicities. The latter eigenstate is known as the base pionic VPE and as a direct manifestation from the ZPE of the 'nonvirtual' Heisenbergian gauge background defined in e*.



This VPE-background so describes the metrics in an inertial spacetime continuum, yet string discretised or quantised quantum gravitationally in the monopolic string currents, which are identical to the gravitational mass of massless gauges under Planck's Law and the inertial mass of Einstein's Law.



And so it is, that no antimatter is required, EXCEPT as emergence from the VPE background as described. This VPE is supersymmetric in not differentiating between the eigenstates of RGB+BGR=MGGM=GGMM=GMMG=MMGG=... in permutative cyclicity for three colours reducing to just two colours.



The Higgsian MassInduction now takes the form of renormalising the suppressed BGR colour-charge mix with the initially massless matter template YCM.



YCM is scalar as a Higgsian quantum geometric template and becomes gravitational in coupling to the BGR graviton gauge in tandem with the 'suppressed' BGR template to render the introduction of the GLUON gauge as mass-coupled quark inducer necessary.



Then 2(RGB+BGR)=2VPE neutralises the original massless gauges now in inertial associations.

ElectromagnetoGravitational Unification precedes the subsequent unifications however in the quantum spin equilibrium between the EMMR gauge, the Graviton gauge coupled to the AntiEMMR gauge in a Weak Association.

As the BGRs carry a down-spin remnant in 1-2=-1, the Gluon gauge will renormalise in a spin induction coupled to a Higgsian supersymmetric particle with a downspin to allow overall unification or superrenormalisation between all the gauges.

This is the RMP or RestMassPhoton with downspin and colour charge mixing YYCCMM.



Setting the EMMR gauge as identical to the Gluon gauge across the unified manifold in onesided SelfRelativity; will demand the RMP to provide the StrongWeak Coupling between the inertial and gravitational mass definitions and so the unification between the laws of Planck and Einstein as previously described.



So the Gluon is in supersymmetry to the RMP and the EMMR gauge is in supersymmetry to the Graviton, albeit in conjunction with a coupled AntiEMMR gauge which is suppressed.



As all five gauges are massless, BUT the RMP allows the hybrid states for energy in the supersymmetries to mass induce a common Higgsian scalar template via its defintion as a blueprint for matter in YCM; this Higgsian template must assume a general quantum geometric form, which allows all subsequent particle generations of the standard model to emerge from it as 'substructures'.



In most elementary terms, the RMP is a squared or doubled VPE-string state which enables the concept of mass to be described as transformed energy eigenstate from the demetricated string plenum of the cosmology. Hence the definition of the RMP must directly relate to the ob served manifestation of inertia, coupled to its precursor in the gravitational mass equivalence as stringed monopolic electricity and fundamentally defined in frequency.



Subsequently, assigning the StarCoulomb the units of V.df/dt will allow identification of spacetime itself and in the form of the ZPE=VPE acted upon as volume element by an angular acceleration df/dt, which in string terms can be described as 'awareness' about the Self-Eigenstates illustrated before.



This then leads to a physical description of consciousness in terms of the StarCoulomb (C*) and many details are embodied in the text following and can be found elsewhere on my site otr the forum contributions.

The first mass induction is required to manifest the nature of the suppressed antiradiation gauge as that of so called weakons, which become defined in the coupling of a leptonic ring as subquark structure to a quarkian core or kernel, which is anti(neutrinoic). ElectroWeak Unification so must occur at the energy eigenstates of either charged- or neutral weakon currents. Neutral weakon currents (of Zo particles) are defined in precisely the 'squared' eigenstate of the RMP as substructure of the Higgs template and so in the superposition of antineutrinos in the case of matter.



To particularise the subHiggsian structure in the quark-antiquark or matter-antimatter couplings the quarks must be defined as diquarks or quark molecules associated with the trisection of the colour sectors. An intermediary and mesonic ring so will be necessary to define the down-quark oscillation wrt to the leptonic ring as the CER, coincident with the weakon scale, the strange quark level and the gluonic asymptotic confinement of those colour charges as the scale of the Higgs Boson itself.



This superposition of massless base neutrinos from the original massless Higgs Boson then defines a minimum of three neutrino generations; two massless ones (say electron and muon) and an inertial one (called tau) with a scalar mediating agent labeled Higgs neutrino, the latter being the mass induction of the kernel as gluonic-neutrinoic unification of the quantum gravity via the quantum geometry of the intrinsic curvature of the strings.



Those strings are now greatly reduced from their original string energy defined in the gauges and e* and their Planckian transformation classes.



StrongWeak Unification so becomes the gluon-kernel-neutrino coupling, which electroweakly manifests in the inertia of the weakons.



The unification of the electromagnetic- and the gravitational interaction is inherent in the topological structure of the quantum geometry itself and is primarily independent on mass as the communication of the string gauges, initialised in the Gauged Radiation and AntiRadiation.

It becomes however a property of metric spacetime by the equivalence principle, which describes the gravitational mass equivalent as a monopolic string current.



Details are described in the treatize below and engage Maxwell's Law of Classical Electromagnetism and in particular his Displacement Current as an inherent form of spacetime itself.

This essay then justifies Maxwell's notion of an etheric medium of stress in identifying this 'stressable' etheric medium as the string background demetricated as the inherent curvature of spacetime in the nature of the ZPE as VPE and the elementary monad for the universe in the Weylian String Quantum, defining the omniscient magnetocharge as the 'Self- or EigenState' of the "God-Particle'.


























The Origin of Mass as Monopole-Mass Transformation

An excerpt from the article describing Maxwell's Displacement Current from below is by Richard Fitzpatrick of Texas University:



"Maxwell came up with this rather curious name because many of his ideas regarding electric and magnetic fields were completely wrong. For instance, Maxwell believed in the æther, and he thought that electric and magnetic fields were some sort of stresses in this medium. He also thought that the displacement current was associated with displacements of the æther (hence, the name).




I shall try to show that Maxwell's Ether is real in the sense of the stringed ZPE background. I have to work on this for a while so and am taking my leave. This will be embody a imo beautiful mapping of displacement scales as fundamental cosmology.


1. MagnetoCharge e*=2Re.c^2 -to define the atomic scale manifested via stringed monopolic magnetism;


2. ElectroCharge e=Sqrt(Alpha).Planck-Length.c^2 -to define the Planck-Length manifested via electricity;


3.Magnetic Constant =(Radian definition).Weyl-Perimeter.c^2 -to define the 9-micron scale as a 'lifeforce' for biovitality in the universe.




Here is a background description for the physicst and reader familiar with the basics of Maxwellian Electromagnetism




The Origin of Mass as Monopole-Mass Transformation

An excerpt from the article describing Maxwell's Displacement Current from below is by Richard Fitzpatrick of Texas University:



"Maxwell came up with this rather curious name because many of his ideas regarding electric and magnetic fields were completely wrong. For instance, Maxwell believed in the æther, and he thought that electric and magnetic fields were some sort of stresses in this medium. He also thought that the displacement current was associated with displacements of the æther (hence, the name).




I shall try to show that Maxwell's Ether is real in the sense of the stringed ZPE background. I have to work on this for a while so and am taking my leave. This will be embody a imo beautiful mapping of displacement scales as fundamental cosmology.


1. MagnetoCharge e*=2Re.c^2 -to define the atomic scale manifested via stringed monopolic magnetism;


2. ElectroCharge e=Sqrt(Alpha).Planck-Length.c^2 -to define the Planck-Length manifested via electricity;


3.Magnetic Constant =(Radian definition).Weyl-Perimeter.c^2 -to define the 9-micron scale as a 'lifeforce' for biovitality in the universe.

Here is a background description for the physicst and reader familiar with the basics of Maxwellian Electromagnetism



The displacement current
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teachin...es/node46.html
Michael Faraday revolutionized physics in 1830 by showing that electricity and magnetism were interrelated phenomena. He achieved this breakthrough by careful experimentation. Between 1864 and 1873, James Clerk Maxwell achieved a similar breakthrough by pure thought. Of course, this was only possible because he was able to take the experimental results of Faraday, Ampère, etc., as his starting point. Prior to 1864, the laws of electromagnetism were written in integral form. Thus, Gauss's law was (in S.I. units) the flux of the electric field through a closed surface equals the total enclosed charge, divided by . The no magnetic monopole law was the flux of the magnetic field through any closed surface is zero. Faraday's law was the electromotive force generated around a closed loop equals minus the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop. Finally, Ampère's circuital law was the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop equals the total current flowing through the loop, multiplied by . Maxwell's first great achievement was to realize that these laws could be expressed as a set of first-order partial differential equations. Of course, he wrote his equations out in component form, because modern vector notation did not come into vogue until about the time of the First World War. In modern notation, Maxwell first wrote:


(400)
(401)
(402)
(403)





Maxwell's second great achievement was to realize that these equations are wrong.

We can see that there is something slightly unusual about Eqs. (400)-(403). They are very unfair to electric fields! After all, time-varying magnetic fields can induce electric fields, but electric fields apparently cannot affect magnetic fields in any way. However, there is a far more serious problem associated with the above equations, which we alluded to earlier on. Consider the integral form of the last Maxwell equation (i.e., Ampère's circuital law)


(404)



This says that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop is equal to times the flux of the current density through the loop. The problem is that the flux of the current density through a loop is not, in general, a well-defined quantity. In order for the flux to be well-defined, the integral of over some surface attached to a loop must depend on , but not on the details of . This is only the case if


(405)



Unfortunately, the above condition is only satisfied for non time-varying fields.

Why do we say that, in general, ? Well, consider the flux of out of some closed surface enclosing a volume . This is clearly equivalent to the rate at which charge flows out of . However, if charge is a conserved quantity (and we certainly believe that it is) then the rate at which charge flows out of must equal the rate of decrease of the charge contained in volume . Thus,


(406)



Making use of Gauss' theorem, this yields


(407)



Thus, is only true in a steady-state (i.e., when ).

The problem with Ampère's circuital law is well illustrated by the following very famous example. Consider a long straight wire interrupted by a parallel plate capacitor. Suppose that is some loop which circles the wire. In the non time-dependent situation, the capacitor acts like a break in the wire, so no current flows, and no magnetic field is generated. There is clearly no problem with Ampère's law in this case. However, in the time-dependent situation, a transient current flows in the wire as the capacitor charges up, or charges down, and so a transient magnetic field is generated. Thus, the line integral of the magnetic field around is (transiently) non-zero. According to Ampère's circuital law, the flux of the current through any surface attached to should also be (transiently) non-zero. Let us consider two such surfaces. The first surface, , intersects the wire. This surface causes us no problem, since the flux of though the surface is clearly non-zero (because it intersects a current carrying wire). The second surface, , passes between the plates of the capacitor, and, therefore, does not intersect the wire at all. Clearly, the flux of the current through this surface is zero. The current fluxes through surfaces and are obviously different. However, both surfaces are attached to the same loop , so the fluxes should be the same, according to Ampère's law (404). It would appear that Ampère's circuital law is about to disintegrate! However, we notice that although the surface does not intersect any electric current, it does pass through a region of strong changing electric field as it threads between the plates of the charging (or discharging) capacitor. Perhaps, if we add a term involving to the right-hand side of Eq. (403) then we can somehow fix up Ampère's circuital law? This is, essentially, how Maxwell reasoned more than one hundred years ago.

Let us try out this scheme. Suppose that we write


(408)



instead of Eq. (403). Here, is some constant. Does this resolve our problem? We want the flux of the right-hand side of the above equation through some loop to be well-defined; i.e., it should only depend on , and not the particular surface (which spans ) upon which it is evaluated. This is another way of saying that we want the divergence of the right-hand side to be zero. In fact, we can see that this is necessary for self-consistency, since the divergence of the left-hand side is automatically zero. So, taking the divergence of Eq. (408), we obtain


(409)



But, we know that


(410)



so combining the previous two equations we arrive at


(411)



Now, our charge conservation law (407) can be written


(412)



The previous two equations are in agreement provided . So, if we modify the final Maxwell equation such that it reads


(413)



then we find that the divergence of the right-hand side is zero as a consequence of charge conservation. The extra term is called the displacement current (this name was invented by Maxwell). In summary, we have shown that although the flux of the real current through a loop is not well-defined, if we form the sum of the real current and the displacement current then the flux of this new quantity through a loop is well-defined.

Of course, the displacement current is not a current at all. It is, in fact, associated with the generation of magnetic fields by time-varying electric fields. Maxwell came up with this rather curious name because many of his ideas regarding electric and magnetic fields were completely wrong. For instance, Maxwell believed in the æther, and he thought that electric and magnetic fields were some sort of stresses in this medium. He also thought that the displacement current was associated with displacements of the æther (hence, the name). The reason that these misconceptions did not invalidate his equations is quite simple. Maxwell based his equations on the results of experiments, and he added in his extra term so as to make these equations mathematically self-consistent. Both of these steps are valid irrespective of the existence or non-existence of the æther.

``But, hang on a minute,'' you might say, ``you can't go around adding terms to laws of physics just because you feel like it! The field equations (400)-(403) are derived directly from the results of famous nineteenth century experiments. If there is a new term involving the time derivative of the electric field which needs to be added into these equations, how come there is no corresponding nineteenth century experiment which demonstrates this? We have Faraday's law which shows that changing magnetic fields generate electric fields. Why is there no ``Joe Blogg's'' law that says that changing electric fields generate magnetic fields?'' This is a perfectly reasonable question. The answer is that the new term describes an effect which is far too small to have been observed in nineteenth century experiments. Let us demonstrate this.

First, we shall show that it is comparatively easy to detect the induction of an electric field by a changing magnetic field in a desktop laboratory experiment. The Earth's magnetic field is about 1 gauss (that is, tesla). Magnetic fields generated by electromagnets (which will fit on a laboratory desktop) are typically about one hundred times bigger that this. Let us, therefore, consider a hypothetical experiment in which a 100 gauss magnetic field is switched on suddenly. Suppose that the field ramps up in one tenth of a second. What electromotive force is generated in a 10 centimeter square loop of wire located in this field? Faraday's law is written


(414)



where B=0.01 tesla is the field-strength, A=0.01 m^2 is the area of the loop, and t=0.1 seconds is the ramp time. It follows that V~1 millivolt. Well, one millivolt is easily detectable. In fact, most hand-held laboratory voltmeters are calibrated in millivolts. It is clear that we would have no difficulty whatsoever detecting the magnetic induction of electric fields in a nineteenth century style laboratory experiment.

Let us now consider the electric induction of magnetic fields. Suppose that our electric field is generated by a parallel plate capacitor of spacing one centimeter which is charged up to 100 volts. This gives a field of 10^4 volts per meter. Suppose, further, that the capacitor is discharged in one tenth of a second. The law of electric induction is obtained by integrating Eq. (413), and neglecting the first term on the right-hand side. Thus,


(415)



Let us consider a loop 10 centimeters square. What is the magnetic field generated around this loop (we could try to measure this with a Hall probe). Very approximately, we find that


(416)



where l=0.1 meters is the dimensions of the loop, B is the magnetic field-strength, E=10^4 volts per meter is the electric field, and t=0.1 seconds is the decay time of the field. We find that B~10^-9 gauss. Modern technology is unable to detect such a small magnetic field, so we cannot really blame Faraday for not noticing electric induction in 1830.

``So,'' you might say, ``why did you bother mentioning this displacement current thing in the first place if it is undetectable?'' Again, a perfectly fair question. The answer is that the displacement current is detectable in some experiments. Suppose that we take an FM radio signal, amplify it so that its peak voltage is one hundred volts, and then apply it to the parallel plate capacitor in the previous hypothetical experiment. What size of magnetic field would this generate? Well, a typical FM signal oscillates at 10^9 Hz, so t in the previous example changes from 0.1 seconds to 10^-9 seconds. Thus, the induced magnetic field is about 10^-1 gauss. This is certainly detectable by modern technology. So, it would seem that if the electric field is oscillating fast then electric induction of magnetic fields is an observable effect. In fact, there is a virtually infallible rule for deciding whether or not the displacement current can be neglected in Eq. (413). If electromagnetic radiation is important then the displacement current must be included. On the other hand, if electromagnetic radiation is unimportant then the displacement current can be safely neglected. Clearly, Maxwell's inclusion of the displacement current in Eq. (413) was a vital step in his later realization that his equations allowed propagating wave-like solutions. These solutions are, of course, electromagnetic waves. But, more of this later.

We are now in a position to write out Maxwell's equations in all their glory! We get


(417)
(418)
(419)
(420)





These four partial differential equations constitute a complete description of the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields. The first equation describes how electric fields are induced by charges. The second equation says that there is no such thing as a magnetic monopole. The third equation describes the induction of electric fields by changing magnetic fields, and the fourth equation describes the generation of magnetic fields by electric currents and the induction of magnetic fields by changing electric fields. Note that with the inclusion of the displacement current these equations treat electric and magnetic fields on an equal footing: i.e., electric fields can induce magnetic fields, and vice versa. Equations (417)-(420) sum up the experimental results of Coulomb, Ampère, and Faraday very succinctly: they are called Maxwell's equations because James Clerk Maxwell was the first to write them down (in component form). Maxwell also fixed them up so that they made mathematical sense.

The Origin of Mass as Monopole-Mass Transformation


"Maxwell came up with this rather curious name because many of his ideas regarding electric and magnetic fields were completely wrong. For instance, Maxwell believed in the æther, and he thought that electric and magnetic fields were some sort of stresses in this medium. He also thought that the displacement current was associated with displacements of the æther (hence, the name).


I shall try to show that Maxwell's Ether is real in the sense of the stringed ZPE background. This will embody a imo beautiful mapping of displacement scales as fundamental cosmology.

1. MagnetoCharge e*= 2Re.c²

to define the atomic scale manifested via stringed monopolic magnetism;

2. ElectroCharge e= √(Alpha).Planck-Length.c²

to define the Planck-Length manifested via electricity;

3. Magnetic Constant μo= (Radian definition).Weyl-Perimeter.c²

to define the 9-micron scale as a 'lifeforce' for biovitality in the universe.


We recall equation (13):



2Re.c²=e* <-> e=PLO.c² (13)


This becomes the mapping transformation of the magnetocharge e* and AS A MAGNETIC CHARGE from the 'higher' dimension as the CER in the 'lower dimension' and AS A DISPLACEMENT.
Modular Duality now reverses the process in mapping the ELECTRIC CHARGE from the 'lower' dimension as a now SUBPLANCKIAN DISPLACEMENT in the Planck-Length-Oscillation.

Now recall the Newtonian- and Coulombian ForceLaws describing the inverse square expression for the 'infinite' interactions between 'pointcharges e' and between 'pointmasses m' and separated by a distance r:

Fe=ke²/r² and Fm=Gm²/r² and from which the Energy formulas describe electric- and gravitational potential energy in the forms Ve=ke²/r and Vm=Gm²/r.

Substituting the action parameter hc/2π for displacement r then crystallises the dimensionless finestrycture for the energy interactions of electromagnetism and gravitation.

This leads for example to a description of chemistry in form of the Rydberg spectra, derived from the Bohr atom and where for the Rydberg-Constant
Ry=Alpha³/4πRe we find hc.Ry=Alpha².mec²/2 as the Rydberg Energy with Ry finestructuring in the wave quantum numbers k for the atomic spectra as:

k=Ry(1/n² -1/m² )Z² and with Z the atomic number for the elements.

Modular Duality connects these two potential energy expressions in an inversion energy, we have termed MagnetoCharge as inversed Weyl-Energy however and we write the so called ZPE as a potential energy and as VPE=Vortex-Potential-Energy:

1/ZPEWeyl = e* = [360Re/8π](√μo)²/λWeyl

for
μo = [8π/360]e*.λWeyl/Re = 120π/c
=[2π/45].λWeyl.c² (14)


We have used the the 'lower dimensional' manifestation of the StarCoulomb C* as the unit for inverted Zero-Point-Energy or ZPE=VPE in [1/J].

This crystallises the CER as:

Re =10^10.λWeyl/360 = [2π/360]10^10.λWeyl =e*/2c² = λWeyl./2hc³

for EWeyl=1/e*=hc/λWeyl and h=1/e*fWeyl (15)


The StarCoulomb so has 'higher dimensional' string units as Volume.Angular Acceleration or V.df/dt, but manifests as the 'inverted' ZPE.

We now introduce a Generalised Action Law: ACTION=CHARGE² ; which manifests in the lower dimensions in the form of supercoductivity, say in the Quantum Hall Effect (RH=VH/IH=h/ne²); Josephson Frequencies (f=(2e.V/h) and the Conductance Quantum (2e²/h); all of which describe a unified Resistance in Ohms (Ω) via a:

Free Space Impedance:

Zo = √(μo/εo) = (2h/e²).Alpha = 120π (Ω)

for Alpha=Zo /2RH for n=2 in the quantised Hall effect. (16)



Maxwell's equation for the displacement current jD = εo.∂/∂t∫E.dS from





and




now gives the dimensional analysis: [jD]=[C²/Jm][1/s][V/m][m²]=[C/s]=[A] -> ef=I for current in the lower dimensional realm becoming the magnetocurrent: [ec]=[efλ]=[imλm] in the higher dimensional scenario of its transpositional mapping.


We so define the mass equivalence for a mass m quantised in N to magnetocurrent as follows:


For any mass m: m= N.mss = N(efss)λm

The elementary monopolic current quantum is: efss = ec²mss/h ~ 5.353x10^-50 Ampere* for mss=hfss/c²=2.4691358..x10^-81 kg* .


The stringmass quantum mss = N(efss)λm is the Inertial Mass Quantum and where (efss)λm ~ 5.353x10^-50 Ampere* is the equivalent Gravitational Mass Quantum as a monopolic mass current, manifesting at the unification wavelength scale of the GUT-Monopole of energy 2.7x10^16 GeV and as the monopolic perimeter of λm =mss /(efss)=h/ec² = 4.611023....x10^-32 m* and as a magnified and transformed Planck-Length λPlanck =2πRPlanck.

λm /λPlanck = {h/ec² }/{√(2πhG/c³)}=√(15h/π)/e = √(10^-32/π)/e
= (10^-16/e)/√π (17)

These definitions take the transformation mapping of the mensuration units between the dimensions and so the generalised action law for unitised resistance and impedance into account. The squared Impedance is measured in Ω²=H(enry)/F(arad) and so in a sense defines an Impedance Action h*=ee* from Zo = √(μo/εo).

As the PLO=√(Alpha).√(hG/2πc³)=e/c², {h/ec²}=h.PLO/e² as a transformed displacement unit.

The modular duality between the elctric potential Ve=ke²/r and the gravitational potential Vm=Gm²/r so describes an inversion lightpath for gravitation in the identity:

For Electromagnetism: c = λemr .femr in m/s

For Gravitation: c = 1/(λgr .fgr) in s/m

subject to the string duality: λps λss=fps.fss=1 and the maximum- and minimum boundary/initial conditions for the 'awareness' or angular acceleration differential df/dt being:

(df/dt)max = fps² and (df/dt)min = fss²=1/fps² (18)

Electroweak DeCoupling

If we unitise our 'Awareness-Differential' under modular duality, we can now finetune our investigations in the proton/electron energy ratio by utility of a modified finestructure for gravitation.

We have used Unity as 1=2πGmPlanck²/hc to define the Planckian mass mP and have used the basic nucleon mass mc=mP.Alpha^9, to relate this to the gravitational finestructure Alpha-G=Alpha^18.

We then substitute the effective electron mass me for one of the mc's in Alpha-G to define the finestructure coupling Alpha-E between the bosonic string bifurcation into the quark-nucleon kernel and leptonic ring parts which are themselves coupled in the neutrinoic core definitions in strongweak associativity.

The electromagnetic-gravitational coupling then is dimensionless as:
Alpha/Alpha-E=ke²/Gmcme=[30ec]²/mcme (19)

in terms of the unification of electro charge with inertial mass as a monopolic magneto charge current.

We recall, from the Big Bang thought experiment and the beginning of this post, that the electron as a bosonic string became mapped onto the de Broglie phase transition, which defined the Hubble Oscillation for the cosmology.

For the defining cycletime nps=Hotps=λps /Rmax; the de Broglie matter wave had a phase acceleration: adB=Rmaxfps²=λps fps²/nps.

So the ratio between the minimum emergent metric λps and the 'inflated' maximum Rmax modulates the superluminal inflationary lightspeed to its invariance in the relativistically mass parametric universe. This becomes so a superposed acceleration am=cfps=9x10^38 m/s^2 and to which our frequency-awareness modulation is now applied.

df/dt=1 under modular duality implies that the frequency changes for the vibratory string eigenmodes are equivalent to time changes in the winded string eigenmodes.

Writing λps λss=fps.fss=1, so is equivalent of defining a nondual expression for:

1=df/dt=f²=C.{Alpha.mP/[ec]}.{cfps}/{Alpha/Alpha-E}.

Here, Alpha.mP/[ec] is the string transform and coupling between the Planck string and the monopole string described elsewhere and C is some constant for rendering the boundary condition for a unitised higher dimensional awareness equal to its lower dimensional manifestation in the coupling between electro charge and magnetocharge in the say Josephson ratio for Energy/Current in the action law.

We can so write: C={[ec]/mP}.{cfps}/{Alpha-E}=hec/2πfps.GmPmcme ={efss.mP/me.mc}=0.982958472.

This can be written as a function of the electron mass as monopolic current equivalence as:

C.me=efss/Alpha^9=efss.mP/mc (20)

Here we used the effective electron mass me as a function of the CER and which differs from a 'bare' electronmass me in so 1.58% in QR calculations. This also relates to the alpha variation of so 8 parts per 100,000 as previously indicated; in that future research and analysis, might well be induced to consider the amplitude of the cosmic wavefunction: B(n)=(2e/hA).exp{-Alpha.T(n)} in considerable detail.

QR derives the value for the chargequantum e=1.606456344x10^-19 C* in solving the transcendental equation 1=Bo.exp{Alpha} for complex solution n={-½ ± i.½√3}, say by Newton-Raphson iteration with a first approximation for e1=hA/2=1.618221145..x10^-19 C* and for the fundamental algorithmic 'current' constant A²=14x15^24.

One might note here the approximation of e to Y=1/X=1.6180339..=½(√5+1) in a factor of 1.000116 or of so 1 part in 10,000.

One might also note that the Functional-Riemann-Bound for B(n) is the real abscissa n=-½ as the conjugate for the real root in the Riemann Hypothesis in regards to the Zeta function.

But the significance of the X to Alpha mapping in the underpinning pentagonal supersymmetry of the cosmology also emerges in our string transformation and the constant C.

Setting C=1, would decrease the effective electronmass me to a first approximation meo=hec/2πfps.GmPmc and about 9.1322x10^-31 kg* and differing now in a factor of 1.00124.. from the SI-measured 9.1435672x10^-31 kg*.
We can consider this to be a lower bound for the 'bare' electronmass meo.

Then allowing C to decrease in regards to the frequency modulations and considering the definition of inertial mass as magneto charge current and unified with gravitational mass; then brings us into the Higgs mass induction scenarios of the quantum cosmology.

Define a 'Weak-Mixing-Angle' Θw in: (1/C)sinΘw=X, where X is our supersymmetry parameter mapping Alpha in the string transformations.

Now allow C to vary as a function of cycletime n=Hot to define the electroweak mixing in terms of the cosmological Hubble-Oscillation and mapped linearly as an asymptotic deceleration of the intrinsic spacetime curvature of the quantum geometry.
Then:

Θw(n)=arcsin(CX) (21)

Using the effective electron mass me we set the amplitude 1/C=1.01733697 for the time instanton nps and as the maximum for the Planck-String to Monopole transformation in ElectroMagnetoGravito unification.

1/C=1 for Θw(n)=arcsin(X)=38.17270762... precisely for the StrongElectroWeak unification of the Monopole to XL-boson string transmutation.

This is preceded by 1/C=0 defining the 'singularity' for Θw(n)=90 (degrees) for the overall unification from the abstraction before the de Broglie inflation occurred.

Generally, we can compute the following table, using (20):
C.me=efss/Alpha^9=efss.mP/mc :

sinΘw=CX...................Θw(n).................. ...............Unification........me.............. ....

1/C=0, C=∞.................Undefined, nPlanck.................SEWG..........me=Undefined

1/C=X, C=Y.........................90°, nMonopole ...............sEwG.............me=5.644..x10^-31 kg*

1/C=1, C=1..........................38.173°, nXL..................SEW.G..........me=9.132x10^-31 kg*


1/C=1/Bo=1.0073..............37.847°, nECosmic..........SEW.......me=9.198.x10^-31 kg*

1/C=1.01733697................37.409°, nWeyl=nps ......S.EW.......me=9.29052714x10^-31 kg*

1/C=1.01733697{√Yⁿ}..... 37.409°, nEW=Ho.tEW....EW........me=9.29052714x10^-31 kg*

1/C=1.33596.......................27.556°, for npresent=Ho.tpresent.=1.1324........me=constant


At Higgs-Boson 'time' tEW~1/365 s* for a Fermi-Coupling-Constant of 298.453 GeV*=297.834 GeVSI; and which 'reduces' in 1.58% in unison with the effective electron mass to 293.73 GeV*=293.13 GeVSI approximately.

Gomcme=constant={GoXⁿ}.{mc√Yⁿ}me√Yⁿ and for:

1/C={me/efss}.{mc/mP}= 1.017336976{√Yⁿ} (22)

per unit electron mass me√Yⁿ.


We allow the electron mass to remain constant and allow a general mass evolution for the characteristic base nucleon mass mc to modify the constancy of Newton's gravitational constant G as function of cycletime n and as G(n)=GoXⁿ. Go=1/k then remains constant as string parameter, say applicable for Black Hole physics and the string scales in general.








The Bohr Magneton for the electron: μe=eh/4πme in Am²=J/T relates to the monopolic mass currents via elementary definitions:

Angular Quantum Spin Momentum applied to the electron as a Planck-Oscillator is: L= h/4π.

Magnetic Field Strength: H=B/μ in A/m=C/ms for a Magnetic Flux Density or Magnetic Induction: B=μH in T(esla)T=Wb/m²=Vs/m²=Js/Cm²=J/Am² as Energy/(Current.Area).

The torque produced by a quantum spinning electron has so units of energy/magnetic induction or [J/T]. The electron spins about its own magnetoaxis and represents the inertial current I=ef.

Lf/B=(h/4π).(I/eB)=(h/4eπ).(I²λ²/E)=(eh/4π)(λ²f²/mc²)=eh/4πm and for the inertial mass m.

But in the gravitational monopolic current mass equivalence this becomes under recall of [ec]=imλm :

Lf/B=(h/4π).(I/eB)=(h/4π).[ec/λm](imλm²/eE)=(h/4π).([ec]²/e.mc²) =(h/4πc).(ec/m)

So the Bohr Magneton for the electron incorporates the ratio of the electron mass to the monopole mass as:

(me/[ec])=h/4πcμe = 30hεo/μe (23)

The string units of V(olts)/c³ so calibrate the inertial and gravitational masses in the monopolic GUT-mass [ec]c² = c³ electron volts.


We now exemplify the electron mass from before:

An effective electron mass: me=9.290527147x10^-31 kg*=60(ec)(e/e*)=(6000e)² kg*, so consists of Ne=3.7626..x10^50 stringed mass quanta.

This reduces for the bare electron mass in the previously discussed variation in the CER.
Considering the topological universe as a Riemannian hypersphere (C∞) in the extended complex plane; the 3D-volumar can be described in the curvature factor (3π/2)VSphere =8.VTorus for a toroidal volume VTorus =2π².R³ for:
VSphere/VTorus =16/3π=1.697652726... ~ 8{0.99083..}/dFeigenbaum and where the Feigenbaum-Delta represents the 'Chaos-Constant' for an iterative 'doubling-process' as attractor in complexity theory and similar and related analysis.

If we now associate the dimensional reduction of generalised 'volumes' say as the magnification factors: 4π/3 -> 4π -> 8π from R3-Space to R2-Space to R1-Space in the lower dimensions for a single connected spherical volume; then the curvature factor 3π/2 maps the multiconnected toroidal volume in the reduction factors: 12π² -> 6π² -> 2π² in correspondence.

Our CER applicable for the effective electronmass so is extended in inverse proportion to the latter in (1):

Re=ke²/mec²= Alpha.h/2πmec²

In particular the doubling of the chaos constant infers an increase in the magnification of Re in 2(1-0.99083...)~1.834%, which serves as a first approximation for the 'magnification' of the CER wrt the 'bare' electronmass.

This first approximation, subject to perturbation and the 'reduced electron mass', so increases the CER from its 'precise' string value of Re=2.777... fermis to Re=2.82872... fermi*, which calibrate to 2.824 fermi (SI) using m=0.9983318783m*.



Formulae not printing in this browser can be examined at: www.tonyb.freeyellow.com

Can this be reduced to some conclusion expressed in simple prose or poetry?

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

Nope. pete

__________________
A third rate theory forbids.
A second rate theory explains after the fact.
A first rate theory predicts.
A. Lomonosov

Sure Gourdhead!

Without the details; the reason for the absence of antimatter is the very nature of mass itself.

As Jeff Root has already poignantly expressed; the primordial symmetry breaking could not have used the antibosonic eigenstate of say a gauge photon being its own antiparticle.

Both matter and antimatter have inertia in the form of mass induction. This enters the Higgs Boson saga of course and with it the weakons and the CP symmetries.

So the manner the symmetries broke to allow the Higgs Boson to become mass inductive should provide the key to the cosmogonies.

My lengthy derivations then show how this could have occurred in considerable detail.

A short version is this:

a) The first eigenstate is bosonic (say in 26 string dimensions as worked out with complicated mathematics by the string theorists).

b) This gives a boson statistic not requiring differentiated positional eigenstates, say in a boson gas of strings, which can occupy the same 'coordinates' in a spacetime metric say.

c) This boson state is also massless, say photonic.

d) But this allows a GAUGE PHOTON to be a particle state of a different chirality to the GAUGE ANTIPHOTON.

e) A supersymmetry now evolves in the interaction between gauge and antigauge as say primordial radiation and primordial antiradiation.

f) This literally creates the next supersymmetry in templates for matter and antimatter; both however still massless in a boson statistical distribution over the eigenstates of the say 'quantum continuum'.

g) The key now becomes the feedback mechanism. Gauge bosons and antigauge bosons are creating each other in the generations; just as is oberved today as the Heisenberg ZPE background.

So matter and antimatter produce ZPE, which produces radiation and antiradiation and vice versa.

h) But today the photon is its own antiparticle with equal probability of being righthanded or lefthanded.

i) This is because of where the observed photons come from. They are ALWAYS produced in association with mass, say the acceleration of inertial protons undergoing fusion in stars.

j) So the fermi statistics of occupied states requires inertia and the Higgs mass induction mechanisms to exist.

k) I then tried to show how this mass induction proceeded in the primordial quantum cosmology. The Higgs Boson becomes a third generation 'master template' after the gauge radiation/antiradiation and the gauge matter/antimatter couplings.

Because of antiradiation' interacting with radiation; allowing a symmetry violation in massless universe; it itself could become suppressed in favour of a third eigenstate - the massinduced Higgs-bosonic one.

l) The third eigenstate so could 'blend' the energy eigenstate of the massless bosonic strings in the energy laws of Planck and Einstein, thereby creating the INERTIAL MASS from its GRAVITATIONAL MASS precursor.

m) So gravitation was born in its quantum gravitational progenitor, known as the gauge graviton. This suppressed both antiradiation associated with mass and any requirement for massinducing the always prevalent antimatter template in the ZPE, say.

n) We now have three generations of gauges: the massless and bosonic strings in radiation/antiradiation and in matter/antimatter with a potential transforming agent in the Higgs/AntiHiggs.

o) But a distinction between Higgs- and AntiHiggs eigenstate is not necessary (except in antimatter mass induction as secondary effect) and so the Higgs-Mastertemplate assumes a 'doubled' or 'squared' nature (as only 2+2=2x2=4 for 2x=x^2 say).

p) The first massinduction in the universe so was not one of matter plus antimatter in supersymmetry.

q) The primordial supersymmetry wrt inertia was the 'squared' Higgs Boson bifurcating its bosonic nature into fermionic selfhood.

r) This became a primordial Dineutron-Decay of Ylemic Neutronmatter and without any antimatter, then rendered superfluous, except as ZPE background of the templates of the prevous supersymmetries.

s) The ylemic neutron decay so seeded the universe via its ZPE metric background in the primodial protostars and as a function of thermokinetic temperature only.

t) This took so 18 minutes from the Big Bang and is mapped by the beta minus decay measurable today.

u) This ylemic neutron decay so must also define the weak interaction from first principles.

v) The W-minus is always righthanded and must accomodate the decay products of proton, electron and antineutrino.

The righthanded weakon so exclusively couples to lefthanded neutrons to manifest a righthanded antineutrino coupled to a lefthanded electron for a lefthanded proton as decay products.

w) There is a spininduction between the nonmaterialising righthanded W-minus with a lefthanded massless Higgs-precursor to conserve the angular spin momenta.

x) This Higgs-Agent is the 'missing matter' gauge, also unifying the nuclear interaction in a strongweak coupling.

y) It is called RMP=RestMassPhoton in Quantum Relativity but as massless Higgs Boson, depicts an important link to the cosmology; as its masslessness can be described as hybrid state between radiation and matter (known as dark matter) and related to the energy haloes encompassing ALL inertial mass carriers as gravitational mass of the cosmological origins indicated before.

z) But generally, the Higgs Boson master template is identical to geometrical topology of the classical electron radius and accomodates the asymptotic confinement of the strong force and the 'particle zoo' from its weakon progenitors. It is also definitive for the geometry of the strange quark as a resonance of the down quark; the up quark being coupled to a kernel which is Z-weakonic and accomodates both the gluons and the neutrinoic families.

Thanks for your question gourdhead. I realise that my first post was a bit long and deep and hope this one is easier to digest.

All the best to you and your endeavours.

Tony B.

The term "anti-radiation" is non-selfexplanatory.

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

Ok gourdhead!

I shall not converse with nitpickers, who eschew discussion on technical material presented.

But I give you the benefit of the doubt as to your intent in this instance and elucidate.

The term antiradiation refers to a particular eigenstate and is in the common usage as to particle and antiparticle as say matter and antimatter or quark and antiquark.

So how is a quark different from an antiquark?

The up-quark u is charged as matter in a fractional (of charge quantum e) +2/3 and the anti up-quark becomes identified as -2/3 charged.

This is the textbook definition, which can however be extended in additional parameters such as chirality; but always should incorporate the most basic definition.

This is what allows additional distinctions between state and antistate to be made.

So now define the up-quark (of spin 1/2) as a unit of trisection of a well known standard resonance, known as the delta-doubleplus (of spin 3/2).

You now find three up-quarks joined in symmetary unity (this is the SU(3) of the standard model), each of spin quantum 1/2 forming a short-lived nucleon resonance of charge 3(+2/3)=+2 and part of a 'delta-family' of charges +2, +1 (resonance proton), 0 (resonance neutron) and -1 (a negatively charged antiproton in terms of charge, but NOT defined in matter and not antimatter).

Details give the quark content of the above as uuu, uud, udd and ddd respectively. All those quarks are parallel spin aligned and so decay strongly in about 10^-23 seconds and as the time required for light to cross the characteristic nucleon scale of 3 fermi.

Ok then; we have a uuu core, which one can now define as a 120 degree trisection for each of the up-quark 'fluxes'.

Now associate the well established gluonic colour permutations with those sectors and you will define a Red-Green-Blue primary triplet neutralising the delta particles in mass as a Black materialised state (E=mc^2) and a primary White radiative and decayed state (E=hf).

Next define the antimatter state as the opposite colour cyclicity Blue-Green-Red to allow a further manner of differentiating between matter and antimatter in their basic configurations say.

RGB=GBR=BRG=RGB=...so gives an energy increase in say frequency of gluon colour for the matter eigenstate (modelled on the ordinary rainbow specta say, but not identical to that).

Antimatter becomes anticyclic in BGR=GRB=RBG=BGR=... in a corresponding decrease.

The importance here is not the increase or decrease, but the antistate of the cyclicity.

Now change the primary definition for the matter-antimatter to a secondary definition Yellow-Cyan-Magenta, which ARE the anticolours for BRG.
So the quark-antiquark mesonic eigenstate of a pion say will become defined in say BYYB=RCCR=GMMG. This couples matter and antimatter on the nonhyperon level in the 'particle zoo' and the SU(3) unitary symmetries.

So defining matter in YCM and antimatter in MCY as secondary colour triplicities for the Black-White energy transformations; will crystallize the contemporary standard model in particle physics with respect to the particle-antiparticle distinctions.

So now take the next step and define the gauge photon (not the photon produced by accelerating Coulomb charges producing electromagnetic radiation) in a primary RGB triplicity.

So now you have the particle state RGB associated with COLOURCHARGED content BEFORE any mass was induced.

You can now define the antigauge as either spinning opposite the gauge or as being anticyclic in the colour content or a combination thereof.

Applying quantum geometry and the topological continuity of manifolds shows, that the SELFINTERACTION of the gauge DEFINES its own antigauge in Moebian connectivity; that is a onesided surface interacts with itself in manifesting the onesidedness to become two-sided (like a Moebius strip).

So irrespective how one defines the original gauge, its antigauge will manifest as effect of the primary definition.

So say RGB-clockwise is the gauge.
Then relative to the onesidedness, the gauge will say 'travel' the perimeter of its definition TWICE in clockwise chirality and in a sense doubling its metric 'extent'.
A clockwise chirality will mirror P-parity (I know you are familiar with CPT-symmetry) in allowing the mixing of RGB with RGB in say 120 degree phases to now create the matter blueprints YCM=(R+G)(G+B)(B+R) in the first phase (60-120 degrees); followed by antimatter's MCY in a second phase (240-300 degrees) and with say 'squared RRGGBB and BBGGRR inflexion points in between as other important gauge generation- and intersection 'points'.

But relative to the twosidedness, the clockwise chirality will mirror in a T-parity in automatically mixing chiralities for RGB and its anticyclic BGR and so result in the matter-antimatter mixing by default and because of the 'absence' of a mirror in the same dimension (the onesidedness). The T-'mirror' in fact becomes the manifold surface itself as the 'spacetime'.

This is not very hard to conceptualise.

Take a transparent paper and draw a circle trisected as RGB clockwise.

Now imagine the circle you just drew to selfinteract with its transparent image, which is BGR anticlockwise. Bingo, you have discovered the foundations of Quantum Relativity.

But to answer your query. The antigauge for RGB-clockwise is RGB-anticlockwise in onesidedness and is BGR anticlockwise in twosidedness.

Because the onesidedness created a necessary matter-antimatter duality in YCM-MCY; but the onesidedness could BREAK ITS OWN SYMMETRY because of its POTENTIAL Twosidedness; antimatter became suppressed in the BGR-antigauge becoming the NEW ANTIRADIATION gauge for the RGB radiation one.

The remnant of this are todays photons as their own antiparticles.
Photons created by mass and as described, are NOT Colourcharged and are pure White in E=hf. They so are equally probable of spinning clockwise or anticlockwise as no further distinctions between photons and 'anti'-photons can here be made.

Iow, there is no colour distinctions in mass associated electromagnetism and this is also the reason for the absence of magnetic monopoles as I have described at length in other posts.

But the so called virtual photons of the Heisenberg matrix are all colourcharged, but they GIVE UP their colour charges in matter interactions to define the magnetic parts of contemporary physical theory from first principles.
Perhaps as you know matter and antimatter can annihilate anyplace, but the pair-production from a sufficiently energetic gamma-photon requires the presence of mass, say a nucleus. This is because the nucleus must emit a colourcharged gauge graviton to supply a colourcharge to the incoming mass produced photon transforming it into a gauge photon to manifest the interaction.


Again, more details are in the posts, should you be interested to further understand.

All the best; I hope this is more to your satisfaction.

Tony B.

Tony -- As always, you have hit upon a subject of the greatest of importance -- the breaking of symmetry. So much of biophysics and biochemistry is based on this phenomenon, including the penetration of a retrovirus through a nanopore of a host cell, taking over the DNA of the nucleus. I have studied in detail ... broken symmetry in clusters of water. Best wishes, Gary C. V.

Thanks Gary!

Yes indeed as a practising physicist you can understand a great deal better than the layman just how important this is.

Many years ago, I had a large picture of the AIDS retrovirus hanging over my bed and I was struck by its icosahedral symmetry as a lifeform requiring a host to reproduce and to exist. This bespeaks of symbiosis.

It imo represents the most complex and evolved form of Platonic geometric definition.
My premise for decades has been, that all biovital lifeforms evolved from the endosymbiosis of primordial bacteria, creating the eukaryotes, with the former utilising the Platonic geometries as magnetic energy inductors from the earliest forms of life, say the archeans crystallising from preRNA precursors, such as selfreplicating crystal structures of fivefolded symmetry (say Shechtmanites).

Then I propose, that the 'induction of life' into crystal progenitors takes the form of asymmetric combinations of say the geometrical structures of the double helix differentiating chirally between the sugars and the amino acids and say as a consequence of the underpinning CP-symmetry violation on the most elementary level of the nuclear weak interaction of the radioactivity of the elements.

This 'induction of life' then relates the coupling of selfreplicating genetic sequences as a 'programming code' from the same cosmogenesis, which I am describing in Quantum Relativity and as a fundamental pattern of fivefolded supersymmetry, say as in 'filling a planar manifold' in a semisimple pattern of hexagons and pentagons, substructured as rhombuses and allowing a longrange order of translational symmetry in decagons to accompany a longrange order of rotational symmetry of the latter.

Life becomes a preinertial form of electromagnetic radiation and is magnetically coupled as mass to a 'superconductive' electricity, independent on media for its propagation.

A massive body-gestalt so becomes 'alive' in the magnetic induction of this nonmaterial radiation, which I describe at length in my posts.

Ergo, the retrovirus must represent a magnetically inducible construct, which can become enhanced and diminished in energy in its magnetic properties.

This then becomes an interaction between the host as necessitator for the viral existence and imo a holistic approach to medicine would prove beneficial if undertaken in earnest by the professions.

Of course, I am not informed enough to add much substance to my philosophical meanderings.

Tony B.

Pacificap: Thanks for trying but I am still snowed. Are there others that agree with your description?

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?

You are most welcome gourdhead!

Both standard models, that in cosmology and that in particle physics agree wonderfully with the descriptions in Quantum Relativity (QR).
I am certainly not challenging the mainstream in its foundations and fully embrace the relativities, the Big Bang cosmology and QED and QCD.

However in some aspects QR EXTENDS the foundations of all of the above; say in my description of the antimatter hypothesis.

A most general background relates the origins of the universe as a mapping of a binary abstract (or nonmaterial) encoding onto the physical identities of opening and closing 'strings' or Planck-Scale quantum loops.
You might term this mapping as being instigated by a 'universal intelligence' or whatever in some arbitrary labeling.

Those 'strings' in QR differ however from the five classes in standard M-theory; in that they are subject to transformation from the initial Planck-scale.
All five classes in string theory are presumed to engage at the Planck scale; whilst in QR the five classes transform into each other in dualities which increase their characteristic length and simultaneously decrease the de Broglie mass as wave matter. This has consequences in defining their metric definitions in Black Hole physics say and also specifies an 'inflationary string epoch' before the Big Bang became relativistic in thermodynamic expansion.

But you are probably questioning my academic credibility.

I graduated in Physics and Mathematics a long time ago in 1984 from Queensland University, St. Lucia, Australia. But I have engaged in elaborate studies since then and have followed the development in the standard models.
I have tried to keep up-to-date and mesh those discoveries with QR meticulously in my approach.

But I have no academic affiliations, except some isolated mathematicians and researchers, who whilst mainstream associated, follow their own particular agendas. I might name Gary Vezzoli, Hans-Dieter Franke and Pedro Gonsalves as acquaintances.

One of my 'discoveries' was the neutrino mass induction of 0.05 eV in 1996 and two years before it became worldwide news on June 4th, 1998 (my birthday coincidentally) and as published by the PR of the Super-Kamiokande team from Japan. So if that would have been 'known' by the establishment, then my scientific credibility would not be questionable - but such is life.

There are other such 'discoveries', such as quasicrystals, the pentaquarks and the principle of the holographic universe (Susskind), which are rather pertinent to QR.

So why am I publishing this on forums, some more obscure than others?

I am a sick man, suffering from a debilitating neuron disease called HSP (Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia) and wish to establish a legacy for scientific posterity.

Some future scientific thinker will stumble onto QR and 'see' its application and depth of scope, UNDERSTAND it and take it from there.

Personally, I am getting rather tired of it all and am running 'out of energy'.

So perhaps you can understand me and my motivations a little better now.

All the best

Tony B.

Sorry to learn of your disease. Best wishes in dealing with it.

__________________
For those inclined to oppose human meddling with the structure of the universe or the composition and configuration of objects and groups of objects within the universe, consider:
Whether there is a limit to the magnitude of a modulation of chaos below which order remains invariant? Or, is order but a fiction invented by perspectives applied over finite, however large, time intervals?